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Given the emergence of\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      with severe drug resistance, we assessed the prevalence of as well as risk factors and potential therapies for extensively drug-resistant (XDR)\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in Taiwan.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 2091\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates with disk diffusion-based antibiotic susceptibility testing from 2007 to 2018 were enrolled.\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole tended to be isolated from patient wards (\u226741%), whereas those resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime were more likely to be isolated from intensive care units (approximately 50%). XDR\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      was first identified in 2007, and its incidence did not significantly change thereafter. Overall prevalence of single, multiple, and extensively drug-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      over 2007\u20132018 was 21.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009450), 26.6% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009557), and 2.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200952), respectively. A stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that blood culture (odds ratio: 4.069, 95% confidence intervals: 1.339\u201312.365,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013) was an independent risk factor for XDR\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. No nosocomial transmission of XDR\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      observed. Antibiotic susceptibility testing results demonstrated that cefotaxime was effective against 78.8% (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200941) of the XDR strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The presence of XDR\n                      <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains was identified in Taiwan, and cefotaxime was efficacious against most of these strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01785-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T12:33:42Z","timestamp":1588077222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Extensively drug-resistant Haemophilus influenzae \u2013 emergence, epidemiology, risk factors, and regimen"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pei-Yi","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ay-Huey","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Hsu","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsiu-Fang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsun-Mei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Hsun","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1785_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.06.001","volume":"35","author":"RSW Tsang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsang RSW, Ulanova M. 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