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Previous studies showed that the loss of ECA results in\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      attenuation, indicating its usefulness as a vaccine candidate for\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, but no studies have shown whether the mutation resulting from the deletion of the ECA operon in conjunction with other mutations could be used as an antigen vehicle for heterologous protein antigen delivery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we introduced a nonpolar, defined ECA operon deletion into wild-type\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium \u03c73761 and an attenuated vaccine strain \u03c79241, obtaining two isogenic ECA operon mutants, namely, \u03c712357 and \u03c712358, respectively. A number of in vitro and in vivo properties of the mutants were analyzed. We found that the loss of ECA did not affect the growth, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production and motility of\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium wild type strain \u03c73761 and its attenuated vaccine strain \u03c79241 but significantly affected the virulence when administered orally to BALB\/c mice. Furthermore, the effects of the ECA mutation on the immunogenicity of a recombinant\n                      <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium vaccine strain \u03c79241 when delivering the pneumococcal antigen PspA were determined. The result showed that the total anti-PspA IgG level of \u03c712358 (pYA4088) was slightly lower than that of \u03c79241 (pYA4088), but the protection rate was not compromised.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ECA affects virulence and benefits the Th2 immunity of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      Typhimurium, therefore, it is feasible to use a reversible ECA mutant mode to design future\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      vaccine strains for heterologous protective antigens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01837-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]],"date-time":"2020-06-08T09:07:44Z","timestamp":1591607264000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effect of deletion of gene cluster involved in synthesis of Enterobacterial common antigen on virulence and immunogenicity of live attenuated Salmonella vaccine when delivering heterologous Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen PspA"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Qing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuegang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9185-214X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingke","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1837_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.25.2.377-382.1987","volume":"25","author":"EC Bottger","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bottger EC, Jurs M, Barrett T, Wachsmuth K, Metzger S, Bitter-Suermann D. 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