{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:29:32Z","timestamp":1792596572123,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008713","name":"Diabetes Australia Research Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. Antibiotic-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      is frequently isolated from DFU infections. Bacteriophages (phages) represent an alternative or adjunct treatment to antibiotic therapy. Here we describe the efficacy of AB-SA01, a cocktail of three\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus Myoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      phages, made to current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) standards, and which has undergone two phase I clinical trials, in treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR)\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wounds of saline-treated mice showed no healing, but expanded and became inflamed, ulcerated, and suppurating. In contrast, AB-SA01 treatment decreased the bacterial load with efficacy similar or superior to vancomycin treatment. At the end of the treatment period, there was a significant decrease (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in bacterial load and wound size in infected phage- and vancomycin-treated groups compared with infected saline-treated mice. In phage-treated mice, wound healing was seen similar to vancomycin treatment. No mortality was recorded associated with infections, and post-mortem examinations did not show any evident pathological lesions other than the skin wounds. No adverse effects related to the application of phages were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Topical application of phage cocktail AB-SA01 is effective, as shown by bacterial load reduction and wound closure, in the treatment of diabetic wound infections caused by MDR\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Our results suggest that topical phage cocktail treatment may be effective in treating antibiotic-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      DFU infections.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01891-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T04:08:50Z","timestamp":1594267730000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Efficacy of phage cocktail AB-SA01 therapy in diabetic mouse wound infections caused by multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9219-8987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Legesse Garedew","family":"Kifelew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgyn S.","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Woodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Fitridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James G.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Speck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"1891_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.2842","volume":"12","author":"EG Thurber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thurber EG, Kisuule F, Humbyrd C, Townsend J. Inpatient Management of Diabetic Foot Infections: a review of the guidelines for hospitalists. J Hosp Med. 2017;12(12):994\u20131000.","journal-title":"J Hosp Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"1891_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439","volume":"376","author":"DG Armstrong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(24):2367\u201375.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1891_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1086\/511036","volume":"44","author":"LA Lavery","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Murdoch DP, Peters EJ, Lipsky BA. Validation of the Infectious Diseases Society of America's diabetic foot infection classification system. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(4):562\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1891_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.7547\/0980489","volume":"98","author":"JM Robbins","year":"2008","unstructured":"Robbins JM, Strauss G, Aron D, Long J, Kuba J, Kaplan Y. Mortality rates and diabetic foot ulcers: is it time to communicate mortality risk to patients with diabetic foot ulceration? J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2008;98(6):489\u201393.","journal-title":"J Am Podiatr Med Assoc"},{"issue":"7","key":"1891_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1086\/424846","volume":"39","author":"BA Lipsky","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Deery HG, Embil JM, Joseph WS, Karchmer AW, LeFrock JL, Lew DP, Mader JT, Norden C. Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39(7):885\u2013910.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"1891_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v2.i2.24","volume":"2","author":"J-L Richard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Richard J-L, Sotto A, Lavigne J-P. New insights in diabetic foot infection. World J Diabetes. 2011;2(2):24.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"1891_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice JB, Desai U, Cummings AKG, Birnbaum HG, Skornicki M, Parsons NB: Burden of Diabetic foot Ulcers for Medicare and Private Insurers. Diabetes Care 2013:DC_132176.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2176"},{"issue":"8","key":"1891_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13973","volume":"36","author":"M Kerr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kerr M, Barron E, Chadwick P, Evans T, Kong WM, Rayman G, Sutton-Smith M, Todd G, Young B, Jeffcoate WJ. The cost of diabetic foot ulcers and amputations to the National Health Service in England. Diabet Med. 2019;36(8):995\u20131002.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"1891_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-0031","volume":"64","author":"N Messad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Messad N, Prajsnar TK, Lina G, O'Callaghan D, Foster SJ, Renshaw SA, Skaar EP, Bes M, Dunyach-Remy C, Vandenesch F, et al. Existence of a colonizing Staphylococcus aureus strain isolated in diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes. 2015;64(8):2991\u20135.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"1891_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161658","volume":"11","author":"KR Reveles","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reveles KR, Duhon BM, Moore RJ, Hand EO, Howell CK. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus diabetic foot infections in a large academic hospital: implications for antimicrobial stewardship. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0161658.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"1891_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2015.09.016","volume":"110","author":"RJ Commons","year":"2015","unstructured":"Commons RJ, Robinson CH, Gawler D, Davis JS, Price RN. High burden of diabetic foot infections in the top end of Australia: an emerging health crisis (DEFINE study). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015;110(2):147\u201357.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1891_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.09.023","volume":"40","author":"I U\u00e7kay","year":"2015","unstructured":"U\u00e7kay I, Arag\u00f3n-S\u00e1nchez J, Lew D, Lipsky BA. Diabetic foot infections: what have we learned in the last 30 years? Int J Infect Dis. 2015;40:81\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1891_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.56.3.430-481.1992","volume":"56","author":"R Young","year":"1992","unstructured":"Young R. Bacteriophage lysis: mechanism and regulation. Microbiol Rev. 1992;56(3):430\u201381.","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1891_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.20757","volume":"2","author":"WC Summers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Summers WC. The strange history of phage therapy. Bacteriophage. 2012;2(2):130\u20133.","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"issue":"1","key":"1891_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25991","volume":"5","author":"X Wittebole","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wittebole X, De Roock S, Opal SM. A historical overview of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial pathogens. Virulence. 2014;5(1):226\u201335.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"1891_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shkoporov AN, Clooney AG, Sutton TD, Ryan FJ, Daly KM, Nolan JA, McDonnell SA, Khokhlova EV, Draper LA, Forde A: The human gut virome is highly diverse, stable, and individual specific. Cell host & microbe 2019, 26(4):527\u2013541. e525.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.09.009"},{"key":"1891_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edwards R, Vega A, Norman H, Ohaeri MC, Levi K, Dinsdale E, Cinek O, Aziz R, McNair K, Barr J: Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage. bioRxiv 2019:527796.","DOI":"10.1101\/527796"},{"issue":"2","key":"1891_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2008.11.002","volume":"17","author":"RM Donlan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donlan RM. Preventing biofilms of clinically relevant organisms using bacteriophage. Trends Microbiol. 2009;17(2):66\u201372.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1891_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.015","volume":"434","author":"H Br\u00fcssow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Br\u00fcssow H. What is needed for phage therapy to become a reality in Western medicine? Virology. 2012;434(2):138\u201342.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1891_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0313-5","volume":"28","author":"JP Pirnay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pirnay JP, De Vos D, Verbeken G, Merabishvili M, Chanishvili N, Vaneechoutte M, Zizi M, Laire G, Lavigne R, Huys I, et al. The phage therapy paradigm: Prt-a -porter or Sur-mesure? Pharm Res. 2011;28(4):934\u20137.","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1891_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2853","volume":"10","author":"A Reyes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reyes A, Semenkovich NP, Whiteson K, Rohwer F, Gordon JI. Going viral: next-generation sequencing applied to phage populations in the human gut. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2012;10(9):607\u201317.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1891_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4161\/bact.25518","volume":"3","author":"M Sharma","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sharma M. Lytic bacteriophages: potential interventions against enteric bacterial pathogens on produce. Bacteriophage. 2013;3(2):e25518.","journal-title":"Bacteriophage"},{"issue":"7","key":"1891_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2016.25.Sup7.S27","volume":"25","author":"R Fish","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fish R, Kutter E, Wheat G, Blasdel B, Kutateladze M, Kuhl S. Bacteriophage treatment of intransigent diabetic toe ulcers: a case series. J Wound Care. 2016;25(7):S27\u201333.","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"key":"1891_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehman SM, Mearns G, Rankin D, Cole RA, Smrekar F, Branston SD, Morales S: Design and Preclinical Development of a Phage Product for the Treatment of Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Viruses 2019, 11(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010088"},{"issue":"3","key":"1891_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2010.010090","volume":"45","author":"MC Deeds","year":"2011","unstructured":"Deeds MC, Anderson JM, Armstrong AS, Gastineau DA, Hiddinga HJ, Jahangir A, Eberhardt NL, Kudva YC. Single dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes: considerations for study design in islet transplantation models. Lab Anim. 2011;45(3):131\u201340.","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"issue":"3","key":"1891_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1382-6689(00)00064-8","volume":"9","author":"M Ito","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ito M, Kondo Y, Nakatani A, Hayashi K, Naruse A. Characterization of low dose streptozotocin-induced progressive diabetes in mice. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2001;9(3):71\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1891_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/aor.12864","volume":"41","author":"T Fukui","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fukui T, Kawaguchi AT, Takekoshi S, Miyasaka M, Sumiyoshi H, Tanaka R. Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin accelerates skin wound healing in diabetic dB\/dB mice. Artif Organs. 2017;41(4):319\u201326.","journal-title":"Artif Organs"},{"issue":"8","key":"1891_CR28","volume":"9","author":"SA Park","year":"2014","unstructured":"Park SA, Raghunathan VK, Shah NM, Teixeira L, Motta MJ, Covert J, Dubielzig R, Schurr M, Isseroff RR, Abbott NL. PDGF-BB does not accelerate healing in diabetic mice with splinted skin wounds. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104447.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1891_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunn L, Prosser HC, Tan JT. Vanags LZ, Ng MK. Bursill CAJJoveJ: Murine model of wound healing. 2013;75.","DOI":"10.3791\/50265"},{"issue":"10","key":"1891_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1086\/644732","volume":"49","author":"BA Lipsky","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lipsky BA, Hoey C. Topical antimicrobial therapy for treating chronic wounds. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(10):1541\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"1891_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01028-06","volume":"51","author":"CS McVay","year":"2007","unstructured":"McVay CS, Velasquez M, Fralick JA. Phage therapy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a mouse burn wound model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(6):1934\u20138.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"1891_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31827e47cd","volume":"131","author":"AK Seth","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seth AK, Geringer MR, Nguyen KT, Agnew SP, Dumanian Z, Galiano RD, Leung KP, Mustoe TA, Hong SJ. Bacteriophage therapy for Staphylococcus aureus biofilm\u2013infected wounds: a new approach to chronic wound care. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013;131(2):225\u201334.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1891_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1067\/mcp.2000.109520","volume":"68","author":"RJ Payne","year":"2000","unstructured":"Payne RJ, Phil D, Jansen VA. Phage therapy: the peculiar kinetics of self-replicating pharmaceuticals. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000;68(3):225\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"1891_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00669-09","volume":"54","author":"W Fu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fu W, Forster T, Mayer O, Curtin JJ, Lehman SM, Donlan RM. Bacteriophage cocktail for the prevention of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on catheters in an in vitro model system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(1):397\u2013404.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"1891_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speck P, Smithyman A: Safety and efficacy of phage therapy via the intravenous route. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2016, 363(3).","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnv242"},{"issue":"6","key":"1891_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2009.18.6.42801","volume":"18","author":"D Rhoads","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rhoads D, Wolcott R, Kuskowski M, Wolcott B, Ward L, Sulakvelidze A. Bacteriophage therapy of venous leg ulcers in humans: results of a phase I safety trial. J Wound Care. 2009;18(6):237\u201343.","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"1891_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056022","volume":"8","author":"S Chhibber","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chhibber S, Kaur T, Sandeep K. Co-therapy using lytic bacteriophage and linezolid: effective treatment in eliminating methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from diabetic foot infections. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56022.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"1891_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.47","volume":"8","author":"BK Chan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chan BK, Abedon ST, Loc-Carrillo C. Phage cocktails and the future of phage therapy. Future Microbiol. 2013;8(6):769\u201383.","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1891_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4344","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00574-08","volume":"52","author":"BJ Cairns","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cairns BJ, Payne RJ. Bacteriophage therapy and the mutant selection window. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(12):4344\u201350.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"1891_CR40","volume":"7","author":"J Gu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gu J, Liu X, Li Y, Han W, Lei L, Yang Y, Zhao H, Gao Y, Song J, Lu R. A method for generation phage cocktail with great therapeutic potential. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e31698.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1891_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00049","volume":"7","author":"AJ Drilling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Drilling AJ, Ooi ML, Miljkovic D, James C, Speck P, Vreugde S, Clark J, Wormald PJ. Long-term safety of topical bacteriophage application to the frontal sinus region. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:49.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1891_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01513-06","volume":"51","author":"R Capparelli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Capparelli R, Parlato M, Borriello G, Salvatore P, Iannelli D. Experimental phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(8):2765\u201373.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"3","key":"1891_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0634-z","volume":"5","author":"AP Fabijan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fabijan AP, Lin RC, Ho J, Maddocks S, Zakour NLB, Iredell JR. Safety of bacteriophage therapy in severe Staphylococcus aureus infection. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5(3):465\u201372.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"1891_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sweere JM, Van Belleghem JD, Ishak H, Bach MS, Popescu M, Sunkari V, Kaber G, Manasherob R, Suh GA, Cao X: Bacteriophage trigger antiviral immunity and prevent clearance of bacterial infection. Science 2019, 363(6434):eaat9691.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9691"},{"issue":"1","key":"1891_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08336-9","volume":"7","author":"JD Van Belleghem","year":"2017","unstructured":"Van Belleghem JD, Clement F, Merabishvili M, Lavigne R, Vaneechoutte M. Pro-and anti-inflammatory responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"1891_CR46","volume":"8","author":"C Kilkenny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kilkenny C, Browne WJ, Cuthill IC. Emerson M. Altman DGJPb: Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. 2010;8(6):e1000412.","journal-title":"Altman DGJPb: Improving bioscience research reporting: the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research"},{"issue":"6","key":"1891_CR47","first-page":"563","volume":"57","author":"GW Gibson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gibson GW, Kreuser SC, Riley JM, Rosebury-Smith WS, Courtney CL, Juneau PL, Hollembaek JM, Zhu T, Huband MD, Brammer DW. Development of a mouse model of induced Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis. Comparative medicine. 2007;57(6):563\u20139.","journal-title":"Comparative medicine"},{"key":"1891_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parkinson CM, O'Brien A, Albers TM, Simon MA, Clifford CB, Pritchett-Corning KR. Diagnostic necropsy and selected tissue and sample collection in rats and mice. J Vis Exp. 2011;54.","DOI":"10.3791\/2966"},{"issue":"6","key":"1891_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.1110","volume":"29","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hayashi K, Kojima R, Ito M. Strain differences in the diabetogenic activity of streptozotocin in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006;29(6):1110\u20139.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"24","key":"1891_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9232","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602956103","volume":"103","author":"C Le May","year":"2006","unstructured":"Le May C, Chu K, Hu M, Ortega CS, Simpson ER, Korach KS, Tsai M-J, Mauvais-Jarvis F. Estrogens protect pancreatic \u03b2-cells from apoptosis and prevent insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103(24):9232\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"1891_CR51","first-page":"381","volume":"62","author":"CW Grant","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grant CW, Duclos SK, Moran-Paul CM, Yahalom B, Tirabassi RS, Arreaza-Rubin G, Spain LM, Guberski DL. Development of standardized insulin treatment protocols for spontaneous rodent models of type 1 diabetes. Comparative medicine. 2012;62(5):381\u201390.","journal-title":"Comparative medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"1891_CR52","volume":"10","author":"A Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo A, Daniels NA, Thuma J, McCall KD, Malgor R, Schwartz FL. Diet is critical for prolonged glycemic control after short-term insulin treatment in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic male mice. PLoS One. 2015;10(1):e0117556.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1891_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S191","DOI":"10.1086\/519470","volume":"45","author":"MH Kollef","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kollef MH. Limitations of vancomycin in the management of resistant staphylococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(Suppl 3):S191\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1891_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jccw.2015.02.001","volume":"5","author":"A Shah","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shah A, Wollak C, Shah J. Wound measurement techniques: comparing the use of ruler method, 2D imaging and 3D scanner. Journal of the American College of Clinical Wound Specialists. 2013;5(3):52\u20137.","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Clinical Wound Specialists"},{"issue":"21","key":"1891_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6694","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01789-14","volume":"80","author":"DR Alves","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alves DR, Gaudion A, Bean J, Esteban PP, Arnot T, Harper D, Kot W, Hansen LH, Enright M, Jenkins ATA. Combined use of bacteriophage K and a novel bacteriophage to reduce Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80(21):6694\u2013703.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"1891_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00711-16","volume":"198","author":"GA O'Toole","year":"2016","unstructured":"O'Toole GA. Classic spotlight: plate counting you can count on. J Bacteriol. 2016;198(23):3127.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-020-01891-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-020-01891-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-020-01891-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T16:56:50Z","timestamp":1667321810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-020-01891-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-020-01891-8","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-20603\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethical clearance for the infection and treatment on the mice was obtained from the Animal Welfare Committee, Flinders University\/Southern Adelaide Local Health Network. The experiment was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"S.M was an AmpliPhi Biosciences employee at the time of performing the experiments and contributed to the scientific discussion. All other authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"204"}}