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Previous studies indicate that the host of\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      has expanded from humans to animals. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance and associated molecular characterization of\n                      <jats:italic>S. dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>\n                      1 isolated from calves.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 38 unduplicated\n                      <jats:italic>S. dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>\n                      1 isolates were collected from calves in Gansu Province from October 2014 to December 2016. According to MLST and PFGE analysis, these isolates were separated into 4 and 28 genotypes, respectively. The most common STs identified were ST228 (34.21%, 13\/38) and ST229 (39.47%, 15\/38), which were first found in the present study. All isolates harbored virulence genes, and the incidence of the seven virulence genes were\n                      <jats:italic>ipaH<\/jats:italic>\n                      (100%),\n                      <jats:italic>ipaBCD<\/jats:italic>\n                      (92.11%),\n                      <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>\n                      (73.68%),\n                      <jats:italic>ial<\/jats:italic>\n                      (57.89%),\n                      <jats:italic>sen<\/jats:italic>\n                      (28.95%),\n                      <jats:italic>set1A<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>set1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      (0%). According to the results of antimicrobial susceptibilities, 76.32% (29\/38) were resistant to fluoroquinolone and showed multidrug resistance. In a study on the polymorphism of quinolone resistance\u2013determining region (QRDR) of\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA\/B<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>parC\/E<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes, we identified two mutations in\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Ser83\u2009\u2192\u2009Leu and Asp87\u2009\u2192\u2009Asn) and\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Ser80\u2009\u2192\u2009Ile and Ser83\u2009\u2192\u2009Leu), respectively. Among them, 55.17% (16\/29) of resistant strains had the\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      point mutations (Ser83\u2009\u2192\u2009Leu) and\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      point mutation (Ser83\u2009\u2192\u2009Leu). Moreover, 41.38% (12\/29) of isolates had all five point mutations of\n                      <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In addition, the prevalence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinant genes was also investigated. All 29 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were positive for the\n                      <jats:italic>aac (6\u2032)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene but negative for\n                      <jats:italic>qepA<\/jats:italic>\n                      , except for SD001. In addition, only 6 (20.69%, 6\/29) isolates harbored the\n                      <jats:italic>qnr<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene, including two with\n                      <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>\n                      (6.90%, 2\/29) and four with\n                      <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>\n                      (13.79%, 4\/29).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the increased common emergence of multidrug resistant isolates, uninterrupted surveillance will be necessary to understand the actual epidemic burden and control this infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-02050-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T12:13:16Z","timestamp":1609935196000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Epidemic and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella dysenteriae 1 isolates from calves with diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mingze","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuzheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6114-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2050_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61790-6","volume":"384","author":"AE Mather","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mather AE, Baker KS, McGregor H, Coupland P, Mather PL, Deheer-Graham A, et al. 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Our study was conducted according to the Animal Administration and Ethics Committee of Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS (Permit No. SYXK-2014-009). And we gained consent from the owners of the animals for them to be used in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"6"}}