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The complicated transcriptome patterns of pneumococci during the colonization to infection process in the human body are usually determined by measuring the expression of essential virulence genes and the comparison of pathogenic with non-pathogenic bacteria through microarray analyses. As systems biology studies have demonstrated, critical co-expressing modules and genes may serve as key players in biological processes. Generally, Sample Progression Discovery (SPD) is a computational approach traditionally used to decipher biological progression trends and their corresponding gene modules (clusters) in different clinical samples underlying a microarray dataset. The present study aimed to investigate the bacterial gene expression pattern from colonization to severe infection periods (specimens isolated from the nasopharynx, lung, blood, and brain) to find new genes\/gene modules associated with the infection progression. This strategy may lead to finding novel gene candidates for vaccines or drug design.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results included essential genes whose expression patterns varied in different bacterial conditions and have not been investigated in similar studies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In conclusion, the SPD algorithm, along with differentially expressed genes detection, can offer new ways of discovering new therapeutic or vaccine targeted gene products.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-02059-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T12:06:03Z","timestamp":1608206763000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The identification of co-expressed gene modules in Streptococcus pneumonia from colonization to infection to predict novel potential virulence genes"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Sadegh Azimzadeh","family":"Jamalkandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Kouhsar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jafar","family":"Salimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7818-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2059_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0001-8","volume":"16","author":"JN Weiser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weiser JN, Ferreira DM, Paton JC. 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