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There is, however, a paucity of biochemical, immunological and pathological data for\n                      <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Galectins can be generated by parasites and their hosts. They are multifunctional molecules affecting the interaction between filarial parasites and their mammalian hosts including immune responses. This study characterized\n                      <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n                      galectin, verified its immunologenicity\u00a0and established its immune reactivity and that of\n                      <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                      galectin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The phylogenetic analysis showed the high degree of identity between the identified\n                      <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the\n                      <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                      galectin-1 (\u00df-galactoside-binding protein-1) consisting only in one exchange of alanine for serine.\n                      <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n                      galectin induced IgG antibodies during 28\u2009days after immunization of Wistar rats. IgG from\n                      <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected cattle and\n                      <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected humans cross-reacted with the corresponding galectins. Under the applied experimental conditions in a cell proliferation test,\n                      <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n                      galectin failed to significantly stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from\n                      <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected cattle, regardless of their parasite load.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An\n                      <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n                      galectin gene was identified and the recombinantly expressed protein was immunogenic. IgG from\n                      <jats:italic>Onchocerca<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected humans and cattle showed similar cross-reaction with both respective galectins. The present findings reflect the phylogenetic relationship between the two parasites and endorse the appropriateness of the cattle\n                      <jats:italic>O. ochengi<\/jats:italic>\n                      model for\n                      <jats:italic>O. volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection research.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-02064-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T11:08:06Z","timestamp":1609931286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Galectins from Onchocerca ochengi and O. volvulus and their immune recognition by Wistar rats, Gudali zebu cattle and human hosts"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ngwafu Nancy","family":"Ngwasiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norbert W.","family":"Brattig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieudonn\u00e9","family":"Ndjonka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Liebau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Archile","family":"Paguem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dustin","family":"Leusder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manchang Tanyi","family":"Kingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Eisenbarth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfons","family":"Renz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Achukwi Mbunkah","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2064_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13067.1","volume":"3","author":"NTD","year":"2019","unstructured":"NTD. 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All sampling in cattle and humans were undertaken in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration of 1975 revised 2000. From cattle containing palpable nodules, portions of skins were collected at the Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9 slaughter house. Collection of blood from life animals was done with permission from the animal Health Authorities of the Adamawa Region in Ngaound\u00e9r\u00e9, Cameroon. The Scientific Directorate of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Cameroon, approved the study and provided veterinarians for collecting samples. Written informed consent to use the animals in this study was obtained from the owners of the animals when the animals were bought. The immunization of Wistar rats and the collection of blood samples from consenting Ghanaian patients with onchocerciasis was approved by the Ethics Commission of the Medical Board in Hamburg (Germany).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"None.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5"}}