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PSTs are neurotoxins and in their purified form are important analytical standards for monitoring the quality of water and seafood and biomedical research tools for studying neuronal sodium channels. More recently, PSTs have been recognised for their utility as local anaesthetics. Characterisation of the transcriptional elements within the saxitoxin (\n                      <jats:italic>sxt<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) is a first step towards accessing these molecules for biotechnology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In\n                      <jats:italic>D. circinale<\/jats:italic>\n                      AWQC131C the\n                      <jats:italic>sxt<\/jats:italic>\n                      BGC is transcribed from two bidirectional promoter regions encoding five individual promoters. These promoters were identified experimentally using 5\u2032 RACE and their activity assessed via coupling to a\n                      <jats:italic>lux<\/jats:italic>\n                      reporter system in\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Synechocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. PCC 6803. Transcription of the predicted drug\/metabolite transporter (DMT) encoded by\n                      <jats:italic>sxtPER<\/jats:italic>\n                      was found to initiate from two promoters, P\n                      <jats:italic>sxtPER1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and P\n                      <jats:italic>sxtPER2<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , strong expression of\n                      <jats:italic>lux<\/jats:italic>\n                      from P\n                      <jats:italic>sxtP<\/jats:italic>\n                      , P\n                      <jats:italic>sxtD<\/jats:italic>\n                      and P\n                      <jats:italic>sxtPER1<\/jats:italic>\n                      was observed while expression from P\n                      <jats:italic>orf24<\/jats:italic>\n                      and P\n                      <jats:italic>sxtPER2<\/jats:italic>\n                      was remarkably weaker. In contrast, heterologous expression in\n                      <jats:italic>Synechocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. PCC 6803 showed that expression of\n                      <jats:italic>lux<\/jats:italic>\n                      from P\n                      <jats:italic>sxtP<\/jats:italic>\n                      , P\n                      <jats:italic>sxtPER1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and P\n                      <jats:italic>orf24<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoters was statistically higher compared to the non-promoter control, while P\n                      <jats:italic>sxtD<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed poor activity under the described conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both of the heterologous hosts investigated in this study exhibited high expression levels from three of the five\n                      <jats:italic>sxt<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoters. These results indicate that the majority of the native\n                      <jats:italic>sxt<\/jats:italic>\n                      promoters appear active in different heterologous hosts, simplifying initial cloning efforts. Therefore, heterologous expression of the\n                      <jats:italic>sxt<\/jats:italic>\n                      BGC in either\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>Synechocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                      could be a viable first option for producing PSTs for industrial or biomedical purposes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-1720-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T04:02:54Z","timestamp":1581998574000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Identification of promoter elements in the Dolichospermum circinale AWQC131C saxitoxin gene cluster and the experimental analysis of their use for heterologous expression"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8323-5416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"D\u2019Agostino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakir","family":"Al-Sinawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Mazmouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Muenchhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett A.","family":"Neilan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9872-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Moffitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"1720_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.3390\/md8072185","volume":"8","author":"M Wiese","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wiese M, D\u2019Agostino PM, Mihali TK, Moffitt MC, Neilan BA. 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