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Although\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      is becoming a major threat to animals, there is limited information on the genetic background of local strains. The purpose of this study was to assess the presence of virulence factors and the molecular characteristics of\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from calves with diarrhea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifty-four\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from Gansun, Shanxi, Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet obtained during 2014 to 2016 possessed four typical biochemical characteristics of\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The prevalences of\n                      <jats:italic>ipaH<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>virA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ipaBCD<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>ial<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>sen<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>set1A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>set1B<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>\n                      were 100\u2009%, 100\u2009%, 77.78\u2009%, 79.63\u2009%, 48.15\u2009%, 48.15 and 0\u2009%, respectively. Multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) based on 8 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci discriminated the isolates into 39 different MLVA types (MTs), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) based on\n                      <jats:italic>Not<\/jats:italic>\n                      I digestion divided the 54 isolates into 31 PFGE types (PTs), and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on 15 housekeeping genes differentiated the isolates into 7 MLST sequence types (STs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings from this study enrich our knowledge of the molecular characteristics of\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      collected from calves with diarrhea, which will be important for addressing clinical and epidemiological issues regarding shigellosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02277-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T09:03:06Z","timestamp":1626426186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Virulence factors and molecular characteristics of Shigella flexneri isolated from calves with diarrhea"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingze","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiqi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tenghe","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanhui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuzheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"2277_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.081307-0","volume":"63","author":"S Dutta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dutta S, Jain P, Nandy S, Matsushita S, Yoshida S. 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Foodborne Pathog Dis.\u00a02006;3:118\u2013131.","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.118"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02277-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02277-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02277-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T05:39:09Z","timestamp":1725428349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02277-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02277-0","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.22466\/v5","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.22466\/v4","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.22466\/v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.22466\/v3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.2.22466\/v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines and obtained ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS. Our study was conducted according to the Animal Administration and Ethics Committee of the Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the CAAS (Permit No. SYXK-2014-021). We obtained informed consent from the owners of the animals for use in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"214"}}