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The mixed infection of <jats:italic>rickettsia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Brucella ovis<\/jats:italic> is rarely reported in clinic. Early diagnosis and treatment are of great significance to the treatment and prognosis of <jats:italic>brucellosis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Q fever<\/jats:italic>. Here, we report a case of co-infection <jats:italic>Rickettsia burneti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic>. The patient is a 49-year-old sheepherder, who was hospitalized with left forearm trauma. Three days after admission, the patient developed fever of 39.0\u00b0C, accompanied by sweating, fatigue, poor appetite and headache. Indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) was used to detect <jats:italic>Rickettsia burneti<\/jats:italic> IgM. After 72 hours of blood culture incubation, bacterial growth was detected in aerobic bottles, Gram-negative bacilli were found in culture medium smear, the colony was identified as <jats:italic>Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic> by mass spectrometry. Patients were treated with doxycycline (100 mg bid, po) and rifampicin (600 mg qd, po) for 4 weeks. After treatment, the symptoms disappeared quickly, and there was no sign of recurrence or chronic infection. <jats:italic>Q fever<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> may exist in high-risk practitioners, so we should routinely detect these two pathogens to prevent missed diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02323-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T20:43:53Z","timestamp":1633466633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Rickettsia burneti and Brucella melitensis co-infection: a case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jiangqin","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyuan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2323_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1799-1","volume":"16","author":"S Ali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ali S, Akhter S, Neubauer H, Scherag A, Kesselmeier M, Melzer F, et al. 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