{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:21:19Z","timestamp":1792790479275,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Infection in patients with acute pancreatitis, especially severe acute pancreatitis patients, is a common and important phenomenon, and the distributions and drug resistance profiles of bacteria causing biliary infection and related risk factors are dynamic. We conducted this study to explore the characteristics of and risk factors for bacterial infection in the biliary tract to understand antimicrobial susceptibility, promote the rational use of antibiotics, control multidrug-resistant bacterial infections and provide guidance for the treatment of acute pancreatitis caused by drug-resistant bacteria.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The distribution of 132 strains of biliary pathogenic bacteria in patients with acute pancreatitis from January 2016 to December 2020 were analyzed. We assessed drug resistance in the dominant Gram-negative bacteria and studied the drug resistance profiles of multidrug-resistant bacteria by classifying Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative bacteria. We then retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and risk factors associated with 72 strains of Gram-negative bacilli, which were divided into multidrug-resistant bacteria (50 cases) and non-multidrug-resistant bacteria (22 cases).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The main bacteria were <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> had a 66.67% detection rate. <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> had more than 50.00% drug resistance to carbapenems, ESBL-producing <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> had 100.00% drug resistance, and <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> had 66.67% resistance to carbapenems. Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that the administration of third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins was an independent risk factor for Gram-negative multidrug-resistant biliary bacterial infection in acute pancreatitis patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Drug resistance among biliary pathogens in acute pancreatitis patients remains high; therefore, rational antimicrobial drug use and control measures should be carried out considering associated risk factors to improve diagnosis and treatment quality in acute pancreatitis patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02332-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]],"date-time":"2021-10-05T19:35:29Z","timestamp":1633462529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characteristics of and risk factors for biliary pathogen infection in patients with acute pancreatitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shayan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaowei","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2332_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31310-6","volume":"396","author":"L Boxhoorn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boxhoorn L, Voermans RP, Bouwense SA, Bruno MJ, Verdonk RC, Boermeester MA, et al. 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Because the study was retrospective in nature, informed consent was not required. All patient data were anonymized and are not available to the public. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations of national clinical testing operating procedures in China.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"No potential conflicts of interest are disclosed.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"269"}}