{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:12:07Z","timestamp":1792653127683,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>is a major neonatal pathogen and the leading cause of early-onset sepsis in preterm newborns. Maternal<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strains are transmitted to the newborn causing invasive neonatal disease. However, there is a lack of data regarding the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strains colonizing pregnant women during labor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This prospective study performed at the University of Oklahoma Medical Center (OUHSC) from March 2014 to December 2015, aimed to investigate the colonization rate, and the phylogeny, antibiotic resistance traits, and invasive properties of<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strains colonizing the cervix of fifty pregnant women diagnosed with preterm labor (PTL). Molecular analyses including bacterial whole-genome sequencing (WGS), were performed to examine phylogenetic relationships among the colonizing strains and compare them with WGS data of representative invasive neonatal<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>isolates. Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance traits were investigated. The bacteria\u2019s ability to invade epithelial cells<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>was determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited fifty women in PTL. Cervical samples yielded<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>in 12\u2009% (n=6). The mean gestational age was 32.5 (SD\u00b13.19) weeks. None delivered an infant with<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>disease. Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance testing did not overall demonstrate extensive drug resistance traits among the cervical<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>isolates, however, one isolate was multi-drug resistant. The isolates belonged to five different phylogroups, and WGS analyses assigned each to individual multi-locus sequence types. Single nucleotide polymorphism-based comparisons of cervical<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strains with six representative neonatal<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>bacteremia isolates demonstrated that only half of the cervical<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>isolates were phylogenetically related to these neonatal invasive strains. Moreover, WGS comparisons showed that each cervical<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>isolate had distinct genomic regions that were not shared with neonatal<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>isolates. Cervical and neonatal<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>isolates that were most closely related at the phylogenetic level had similar invasion capacity into intestinal epithelial cells. In contrast, phylogenetically dissimilar cervical<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strains were the least invasive among all isolates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This pilot study showed that a minority of women in PTL were colonized in the cervix with<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, and colonizing strains were not phylogenetically uniformly representative of<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strains that commonly cause invasive disease in newborns. Larger studies are needed to determine the molecular characteristics of<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>strains colonizing pregnant women associated with an increased risk of neonatal septicemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02389-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]],"date-time":"2021-12-03T07:02:44Z","timestamp":1638514964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Whole-genome sequencing-based phylogeny, antibiotic resistance, and invasive phenotype of Escherichia coli strains colonizing the cervix of women in preterm labor"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marvin","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda L.","family":"Maxedon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E.","family":"Tabakh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy B.","family":"McCloskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Bard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Heruth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Chavez-Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2389_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schrag SJ, Farley MM, Petit S, Reingold A, Weston EJ, Pondo T, et al. Epidemiology of Invasive Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis, 2005 to 2014. Pediatrics. 2016;138(6).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"2389_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2171","volume":"121","author":"MJ Bizzarro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bizzarro MJ, Dembry LM, Baltimore RS, Gallagher PG. Changing patterns in neonatal Escherichia coli sepsis and ampicillin resistance in the era of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):689\u201396.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"2389_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2217","volume":"127","author":"BJ Stoll","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Sanchez PJ, Faix RG, Poindexter BB, Van Meurs KP, et al. Early onset neonatal sepsis: the burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues. Pediatrics. 2011;127(5):817\u201326.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2389_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoll BJ, Puopolo KM, Hansen NI, Sanchez PJ, Bell EF, Carlo WA, et al. Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis 2015 to 2017, the Rise of Escherichia coli, and the Need for Novel Prevention Strategies. JAMA Pediatr. 2020:e200593.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.0593"},{"issue":"2","key":"2389_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e32835e1f96","volume":"25","author":"KM Puopolo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Puopolo KM, Escobar GJ. Early-onset sepsis: a predictive model based on maternal risk factors. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2013;25(2):161\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2389_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0541","volume":"129","author":"RA Polin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polin RA. Management of neonates with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):1006\u201315.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2389_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31815b1b03","volume":"27","author":"J Raymond","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raymond J, Lopez E, Bonacorsi S, Poyart C, Moriette G, Jarreau PH, et al. Evidence for transmission of Escherichia coli from mother to child in late-onset neonatal infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27(2):186\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"10","key":"2389_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.06.016","volume":"188","author":"N Suff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suff N, Karda R, Diaz JA, Ng J, Baruteau J, Perocheau D, et al. Ascending Vaginal Infection Using Bioluminescent Bacteria Evokes Intrauterine Inflammation, Preterm Birth, and Neonatal Brain Injury in Pregnant Mice. Am J Pathol. 2018;188(10):2164\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510000176","volume":"104","author":"A Santacruz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Santacruz A, Collado MC, Garcia-Valdes L, Segura MT, Martin-Lagos JA, Anjos T, et al. Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women. Br J Nutr. 2010;104(1):83\u201392.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"2389_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-199","volume":"13","author":"A Pathak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pathak A, Chandran SP, Mahadik K, Macaden R, Lundborg CS. Frequency and factors associated with carriage of multi-drug resistant commensal Escherichia coli among women attending antenatal clinics in central India. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:199.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2389_CR11","first-page":"663","volume-title":"Gabbe\u2019s Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies","author":"HN Simhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simhan HN, Romero R. Preterm Labor and Birth. In: Landon MB GH, Jauniaux ERM, Driscoll DA, Berghella V, Grobman WA, Kilpatrick SJ, Cahill AG, editor. Gabbe\u2019s Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier; 2021. p.\u00a0663\u201393."},{"issue":"3","key":"2389_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(3):268\u201381.","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"12","key":"2389_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","volume":"75","author":"V Bortolaia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bortolaia V, Kaas RS, Ruppe E, Roberts MC, Schwarz S, Cattoir V, et al. ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020;75(12):3491\u2013500.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"10","key":"2389_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx217","volume":"72","author":"E Zankari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zankari E, Allesoe R, Joensen KG, Cavaco LM, Lund O, Aarestrup FM. PointFinder: a novel web tool for WGS-based detection of antimicrobial resistance associated with chromosomal point mutations in bacterial pathogens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(10):2764\u20138.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2336-6","volume":"19","author":"P Clausen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clausen P, Aarestrup FM, Lund O. Rapid and precise alignment of raw reads against redundant databases with KMA. BMC Bioinformatics. 2018;19(1):307.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2389_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01682-07","volume":"46","author":"SM Soto","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soto SM, Bosch J, Jimenez de Anta MT, Vila J. Comparative study of virulence traits of Escherichia coli clinical isolates causing early and late neonatal sepsis. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(3):1123\u20135.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2389_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir189","volume":"203","author":"F Mahjoub-Messai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahjoub-Messai F, Bidet P, Caro V, Diancourt L, Biran V, Aujard Y, et al. Escherichia coli isolates causing bacteremia via gut translocation and urinary tract infection in young infants exhibit different virulence genotypes. J Infect Dis. 2011;203(12):1844\u20139.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"2389_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815000539","volume":"143","author":"S Roy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roy S, Datta S, Das P, Gaind R, Pal T, Tapader R, et al. Insight into neonatal septicaemic Escherichia coli from India with respect to phylogroups, serotypes, virulence, extended-spectrum-beta-lactamases and association of ST131 clonal group. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(15):3266\u201376.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"2389_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1370341","volume":"31","author":"SM Shakir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shakir SM, Goldbeck JM, Robison D, Eckerd AM, Chavez-Bueno S. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of invasive neonatal Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Am J Perinatol. 2014;31(11):975\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2389_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0219352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219352","volume":"14","author":"BK Cole","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cole BK, Ilikj M, McCloskey CB, Chavez-Bueno S. Antibiotic resistance and molecular characterization of bacteremia Escherichia coli isolates from newborns in the United States. PLoS One. 2019;14(7):e0219352.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2389_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piv013","volume":"5","author":"SJ Weissman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weissman SJ, Hansen NI, Zaterka-Baxter K, Higgins RD, Stoll BJ. Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance-Associated Clones Among Escherichia coli Recovered From Newborns With Early-Onset Sepsis and Meningitis in the United States, 2008-2009. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2016;5(3):269\u201376.","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc"},{"key":"2389_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavez-Bueno S, Day MW, Toby IT, Akins DR, Dyer DW. Genome Sequence of SCB34, a Sequence Type 131 Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolate Causing Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis. Genome Announc. 2014;2(3).","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00514-14"},{"issue":"12","key":"2389_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189032","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189032","volume":"12","author":"BK Cole","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cole BK, Scott E, Ilikj M, Bard D, Akins DR, Dyer DW, et al. Route of infection alters virulence of neonatal septicemia Escherichia coli clinical isolates. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189032.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2389_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Day MW, Jackson LA, Akins DR, Dyer DW, Chavez-Bueno S. Whole-Genome Sequences of the Archetypal K1 Escherichia coli Neonatal Isolate RS218 and Contemporary Neonatal Bacteremia Clinical Isolates SCB11, SCB12, and SCB15. Genome Announc. 2015;3(1).","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.01598-14"},{"issue":"8","key":"2389_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104984","volume":"9","author":"RS Kaas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaas RS, Leekitcharoenphon P, Aarestrup FM, Lund O. Solving the problem of comparing whole bacterial genomes across different sequencing platforms. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104984.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2389_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx081","volume":"20","author":"P Stothard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stothard P, Grant JR, Van Domselaar G. Visualizing and comparing circular genomes using the CGView family of tools. Brief Bioinform. 2019;20(4):1576\u201382.","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"issue":"11","key":"2389_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4470","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.11.4470-4475.1995","volume":"63","author":"SH Huang","year":"1995","unstructured":"Huang SH, Wass C, Fu Q, Prasadarao NV, Stins M, Kim KS. Escherichia coli invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo: molecular cloning and characterization of invasion gene ibe10. Infect Immun. 1995;63(11):4470\u20135.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"7","key":"2389_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1086\/319290","volume":"183","author":"SH Huang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Huang SH, Wan ZS, Chen YH, Jong AY, Kim KS. Further characterization of Escherichia coli brain microvascular endothelial cell invasion gene ibeA by deletion, complementation, and protein expression. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(7):1071\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04637-3","volume":"9","author":"WD Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao WD, Liu DX, Wei JY, Miao ZW, Zhang K, Su ZK, et al. Caspr1 is a host receptor for meningitis-causing Escherichia coli. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):2296.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07570.x","volume":"80","author":"M Caza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Caza M, Lepine F, Dozois CM. Secretion, but not overall synthesis, of catecholate siderophores contributes to virulence of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol. 2011;80(1):266\u201382.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"2389_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2017.02.002","volume":"168","author":"P Cools","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cools P. The role of Escherichia coli in reproductive health: state of the art. Res Microbiol. 2017;168(9-10):892\u2013901.","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR32","first-page":"91","volume":"14","author":"L Mesic Ethogic","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mesic Ethogic L, Lucic N, Micic D, Omeragic F, Hodzic E, Fazlagic S, et al. Correlation between cervical infection and preterm labor. Med Glas (Zenica). 2017;14(1):91\u20137.","journal-title":"Med Glas (Zenica)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2389_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1159\/000314014","volume":"70","author":"B Martinez de Tejada","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martinez de Tejada B, Stan CM, Boulvain M, Renzi G, Francois P, Irion O, et al. Development of a rapid PCR assay for screening of maternal colonization by group B streptococcus and neonatal invasive Escherichia coli during labor. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2010;70(4):250\u20135.","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"2389_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.29252\/ijrm.16.5.341","volume":"16","author":"N Saghafi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saghafi N, Pourali L, Ghazvini K, Maleki A, Ghavidel M, Karbalaeizadeh Babaki M. Cervical bacterial colonization in women with preterm premature rupture of membrane and pregnancy outcomes: A cohort study. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2018;16(5):341\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Biomed"},{"issue":"6","key":"2389_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03255-12","volume":"51","author":"A Birgy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Birgy A, Mariani-Kurkdjian P, Bidet P, Doit C, Genel N, Courroux C, et al. Characterization of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strains involved in maternal-fetal colonization: prevalence of E. coli ST131. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(6):1727\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3262-y","volume":"18","author":"D Nanayakkara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nanayakkara D, Liyanapathirana V, Kandauda C, Gihan C, Ekanayake A, Adasooriya D. Maternal vaginal colonization with selected potential pathogens of neonatal sepsis in the era of antimicrobial resistance, a single center experience from Sri Lanka. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):351.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2389_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.09.010","volume":"101","author":"C Jimenez-Ramila","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jimenez-Ramila C, Lopez-Cerero L, Aguilar Martin MV, Vera Martin C, Serrano L, Pascual A, et al. Vagino-rectal colonization and maternal-neonatal transmission of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases or carbapenemases: a cross-sectional study. J Hosp Infect. 2019;101(2):167\u201374.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2389_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00897-9","volume":"10","author":"J Tumuhamye","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tumuhamye J, Steinsland H, Bwanga F, Tumwine JK, Ndeezi G, Mukunya D, et al. Vaginal colonization with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among women in labor in central Uganda: prevalence and associated factors. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2021;10(1):37.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"2389_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002623","volume":"39","author":"A Koizumi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koizumi A, Maruyama K, Ohki Y, Nakayama A, Yamada Y, Kurosawa H, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factor for Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli Colonization at Birth in Premature Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(6):546\u201352.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"2389_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devi U, Barman N, Barua P, Malik V, Das J, Baruah P, et al. Vaginal Carriage of Antibiotic Resistant Escherichia coli by Pregnant Women: A Concern for the Neonate. Clin Microbial. 2014.","DOI":"10.4172\/2327-5073.1000153"},{"issue":"5","key":"2389_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0088","volume":"25","author":"MM Youssef","year":"2019","unstructured":"Youssef MM, Rizk HA, Hassuna NA. Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnancy. Microb Drug Resist. 2019;25(5):731\u20138.","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"issue":"2","key":"2389_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4719","volume":"175","author":"DD Flannery","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flannery DD, Akinboyo IC, Mukhopadhyay S, Tribble AC, Song L, Chen F, et al. Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Among Infants Admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units Across the US From 2009 to 2017. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(2):168\u201375.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2389_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Begier E, Rosenthal NA, Gurtman A, Kartashov A, Donald RGK, Lockhart SP. Epidemiology of Invasive Escherichia coli Infection and Antibiotic Resistance Status among Patients Treated in U.S. Hospitals: 2009-2016. Clin Infect Dis. 2021.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab005"},{"issue":"5","key":"2389_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.5.1929-1935.2003","volume":"41","author":"S Watt","year":"2003","unstructured":"Watt S, Lanotte P, Mereghetti L, Moulin-Schouleur M, Picard B, Quentin R. Escherichia coli strains from pregnant women and neonates: intraspecies genetic distribution and prevalence of virulence factors. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(5):1929\u201335.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2389_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01949-16","volume":"55","author":"JR Johnson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Johnson JR, Johnston BD, Gordon DM. Rapid and Specific Detection of the Escherichia coli Sequence Type 648 Complex within Phylogroup F. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(4):1116\u201321.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2389_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00283","volume":"8","author":"CM Logue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Logue CM, Wannemuehler Y, Nicholson BA, Doetkott C, Barbieri NL, Nolan LK. Comparative Analysis of Phylogenetic Assignment of Human and Avian ExPEC and Fecal Commensal Escherichia coli Using the (Previous and Revised) Clermont Phylogenetic Typing Methods and its Impact on Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) Classification. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:283.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2389_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.02160.x","volume":"314","author":"E Guiral","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guiral E, Bosch J, Vila J, Soto SM. Prevalence of Escherichia coli among samples collected from the genital tract in pregnant and nonpregnant women: relationship with virulence. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2011;314(2):170\u20133.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"issue":"Pt 9","key":"2389_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-148-9-2745","volume":"148","author":"M Obata-Yasuoka","year":"2002","unstructured":"Obata-Yasuoka M, Ba-Thein W, Tsukamoto T, Yoshikawa H, Hayashi H. Vaginal Escherichia coli share common virulence factor profiles, serotypes and phylogeny with other extraintestinal E. coli. Microbiology (Reading). 2002;148(Pt 9):2745\u201352.","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"issue":"7","key":"2389_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0158695","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158695","volume":"11","author":"E Saez-Lopez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saez-Lopez E, Cossa A, Benmessaoud R, Madrid L, Moraleda C, Villanueva S, et al. Characterization of Vaginal Escherichia coli Isolated from Pregnant Women in Two Different African Sites. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0158695.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"2389_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000063","volume":"161","author":"O Clermont","year":"2015","unstructured":"Clermont O, Gordon D, Denamur E. Guide to the various phylogenetic classification schemes for Escherichia coli and the correspondence among schemes. Microbiology (Reading). 2015;161(Pt 5):980\u20138.","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2389_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1103","volume":"4","author":"KS Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim KS. Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis: from bacteraemia to neuronal injury. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003;4(5):376\u201385.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2389_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181fab1e7","volume":"30","author":"J Gaschignard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gaschignard J, Levy C, Romain O, Cohen R, Bingen E, Aujard Y, et al. Neonatal Bacterial Meningitis: 444 Cases in 7 Years. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30(3):212\u20137.","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2389_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-5822.2003.t01-1-00271.x","volume":"5","author":"KJ Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim KJ, Elliott SJ, Di Cello F, Stins MF, Kim KS. The K1 capsule modulates trafficking of E. coli-containing vacuoles and enhances intracellular bacterial survival in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Microbiol. 2003;5(4):245\u201352.","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2389_CR54","first-page":"e155-64","volume":"128","author":"American College of O","year":"2016","unstructured":"American College of O, Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Practice B-O. Practice Bulletin No. 171: Management of Preterm Labor. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2016;128(4):e155-64.","journal-title":"Obstetrics and gynecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2389_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001703","volume":"128","author":"Practice Bulletin No","year":"2016","unstructured":"Practice Bulletin No. 172 Summary: Premature Rupture of Membranes. Obstetrics and gynecology. 2016;128(4):934\u20136.","journal-title":"Obstetrics and gynecology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2389_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000001","volume":"40","author":"DB Nelson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nelson DB, Komaroff E, Nachamkin I, Haggerty CL, Dibble L, Mastrogiannis D, et al. Relationship of selected bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria to nugent score bacterial vaginosis among urban women early in pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(9):721\u20133.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2389_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042304","volume":"7","author":"A Tritt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tritt A, Eisen JA, Facciotti MT, Darling AE. An integrated pipeline for de novo assembly of microbial genomes. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e42304.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2389_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","volume":"50","author":"MV Larsen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Larsen MV, Cosentino S, Rasmussen S, Friis C, Hasman H, Marvig RL, et al. Multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(4):1355\u201361.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2389_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05172.x","volume":"60","author":"T Wirth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wirth T, Falush D, Lan R, Colles F, Mensa P, Wieler LH, et al. Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective. Mol Microbiol. 2006;60(5):1136\u201351.","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"2389_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq588","volume":"26","author":"A Petkau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Petkau A, Stuart-Edwards M, Stothard P, Van Domselaar G. Interactive microbial genome visualization with GView. Bioinformatics. 2010;26(24):3125\u20136.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02448-7","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000}}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02389-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02389-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02389-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T15:12:11Z","timestamp":1699888331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02389-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-021-02389-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 December 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2022","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-022-02448-7","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-022-02448-7","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in our study involving human participants were approved by the OUHSC Institutional Review Board under approval number 4288. Informed consent was obtained from all women who participated in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"330"}}