{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:16:10Z","timestamp":1790252170191,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand 2019"},{"name":"Thammasat University Research Fund under the TU Research Scholar 2018"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> is a pathogenic yeast that is the most common cause of fungal infections in humans. Unfortunately, the yeast\u2019s resistance to the antifungal medication fluconazole (FLC) is increasing; furthermore, testing its susceptibility to FLC by conventional methods takes time, resulting in treatment failure. The susceptibility of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> to FLC was investigated using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and Real-time PCR tests for <jats:italic>CDR1, CDR2, MDR1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ERG11<\/jats:italic>. Overall, 32\u00a0<jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> strains made up of four reference strains (three FLC susceptible [S] and one FLC resistant [R], one spontaneous mutant strain [FLC susceptible-dose-dependent (SDD)] and 27 clinical strains obtained from two Thai University Hospitals) were tested for susceptibility to FLC. The following tests were performed: SensititreYeastOne and broth microdilution method, FLC resistant expression mechanism by Real-time PCR, and the major peak determination by MALDI-TOF MS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The change of <jats:italic>CDR1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CDR2<\/jats:italic> mRNA expression was only significantly observed in SDD and R strains. MALDI-TOF MS was performed after incubation for six hours; the change of mass spectral intensity at range 3376\u20133382\u00a0m\/z (major peak) was significantly related to FLC susceptibility as SDD (decreased at 4\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL and increased at 8\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), S (all increased), and R (all slightly decreased or no change). All 27 clinical strains showed FLC minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC range 0.25-2\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL), no change in <jats:italic>CDR1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CDR2<\/jats:italic> expression and S major peak type. The FLC resistant <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> with <jats:italic>CDR1<\/jats:italic>and <jats:italic>CDR2<\/jats:italic> expression may possibly affect the change of mass spectral intensity at range 3376\u20133382\u00a0m\/z.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The MALDI-TOF MS may be used to simultaneously classify and predict FLC resistant <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> strains associated with <jats:italic>CDR1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>CDR2<\/jats:italic> expression. Further studies are essential to clarify the methodology and improve the reliability of this assay for routine diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02564-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T12:09:22Z","timestamp":1654862962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Investigation of fluconazole susceptibility to Candida albicans by MALDI-TOF MS and real-time PCR for CDR1, CDR2, MDR1 and ERG11"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Chanika","family":"Maenchantrarath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradchama","family":"Khumdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seksun","family":"Samosornsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narissara","family":"Mungkornkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Worada","family":"Samosornsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2564_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00019","volume":"9","author":"M Delavy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Delavy M, Dos Santos AR, Heiman CM, Coste AT. 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The research was obtained all yeast strains from routine laboratory collection where their data were done namelessly, therefore, ethic reviews were exempted in agreement with the Human Ethical Committee of Thammasat University (COE008\/2561) and Navamindradhiraj University (COE_NOT HS 04\/2018) and also accredited using risk group 2 microorganism by the Biosafety Committee of Thammasat University (038\/2561). It is not necessary to obtain an informed consent for the analysis of the isolates from the Institute anonimysed collections of <i>Candida<\/i> strains. All isolates are stored in glycerol tubes at -80\u00a0\u00b0C.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"153"}}