{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:42:33Z","timestamp":1763037753943},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis,<\/jats:italic> a single-celled intestinal parasite, is divided into eight assemblages (A-H), with differences in host specificity. <jats:italic>Giardia duodenalis<\/jats:italic> reproduces asexually and cycles between the binucleated trophozoite (4\u00a0N) and the infectious cyst with four nuclei (16\u00a0N). Interaction between the nuclei is limited. Therefore, genetic drift causes differences in genetic make-up between the non-daughter nuclei; the allelic sequence heterozygosity (ASH). The ASH is low (0.01%\u20140.0023%) for the related assemblages A and E, higher (0.43\u20130.53) for assemblage B and much higher (0.74% -0.89%) for the assemblage C and D at the root of the phylogenetic tree. The heterozygosity in assemblage F, in the same clade as assemblage A and E, was unknown. The heterozygosity in the sequences of the <jats:italic>gdh<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>dis3<\/jats:italic> genes was used as proxy for the ASH and whole genome amplification of single cysts followed by cloning and Sanger sequencing of <jats:italic>dis3<\/jats:italic> fragment could reveal the genetic variation within the cyst. The aim of the study was to determine the level of heterozygosity within pooled and single cysts of different assemblages.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The heterozygosity in <jats:italic>gdh<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>dis3<\/jats:italic> was determined in pooled cysts of the assemblages A to F. Heterozygosity in the isolates of the assemblages C (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092) and D (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091) ranged from 0.41% to 0.82% for <jats:italic>gdh<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>dis3<\/jats:italic> and no heterozygosity was found in the isolates of the assemblages A (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094), E (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093) and F (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093). The heterozygosity in assemblage B (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097) was intermediate (0% to 0.62%). Next, the number of haplotypes of <jats:italic>dis3<\/jats:italic> was determined for single cysts of assemblages C, D and E. In the assemblages C and D, two to four haplotypes were found per cyst, while in assemblage E only one haplotype was identified.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Having high heterozygosity is characteristic for the assemblages C and D, while having a low heterozygosity is characteristic for the clade with the assemblages A, E and F.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p>Presence of more than 1 haplotype per cyst in assemblage C and D suggests differences between the non-daughter nuclei, in contrast to the one haplotype in assemblage E.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02581-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T01:02:34Z","timestamp":1656291754000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Variation in haplotypes in single cysts of assemblages C and D, but not of assemblage E of Giardia duodenalis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Floor L.","family":"Veldhuis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Nijsse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaap A.","family":"Wagenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ger","family":"Arkesteijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frans N. 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