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Our previous study demonstrated the presence of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. in female moths, but their distribution and function remain unclear. <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. are known as the \u2018healthy\u2019 vaginal microbiome in humans.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here, we studied the microbiome in the reproductive system (RS) and gut of <jats:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda<\/jats:italic> using 16S rDNA sequences. The obtained 4315 bacterial OTUs were classified into 61 phyla and 642 genera, with Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidota being the top three dominant phyla and <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Asaia<\/jats:italic> being dominant genera in most samples. Mating dramatically increased the abundance of pathogens or pathogenic functions in the gut, while in the RS, the change range was trivial. Taxonomy assignment identified thirteen <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. in <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>, with <jats:italic>Lactobacillus crustorum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus murinus<\/jats:italic> showing high abundance. Three species found in <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic>, namely <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. brevis<\/jats:italic>, have also been identified as human \u2018healthy\u2019 vaginal bacterial species. <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. showed higher abundance in the RS of virgin females and lower abundance in the RS of virgin males and the gut of virgin females. Mating reduced their abundance in the RS of females but increased their abundance in the RS of males, especially in males mated with multiple females. The RS of virgin females and of multiple mated males were very similar in terms of composition and abundance of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> species, with <jats:italic>Lactobacillus crustorum<\/jats:italic> showing much higher abundance in both tissues, potentially due to sexual transmission.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. showed high abundance and diversity in the RS of female moths. The higher abundance of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. in the RS of female moths and the similarity of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> species in female moths with human \u2018healthy\u2019 vaginal <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. suggest that these bacterial strains are also an important microbiome in the RS of female moths.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02724-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]],"date-time":"2022-12-19T09:03:46Z","timestamp":1671440626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lactobacillus spp. in the reproductive system of female moths and mating induced changes and possible transmission"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Qing-Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luo-Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da-Ying","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2724_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00556","volume":"9","author":"LRP Voirol","year":"2018","unstructured":"Voirol LRP, Frago E, Kaltenpoth M, Hilker M, Fatouros NE. 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