{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T08:40:37Z","timestamp":1790671237238,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Genital <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> infection is the most common bacterial sexual transmitted disease that causes severe complications including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility in females. The Pgp3 protein encoded by <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> plasmid has been speculated to be an important player in chlamydial pathogenesis. However, the precise function of this protein is unknown and thus remains to be thoroughly investigated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this study, we synthesized Pgp3 protein for in vitro stimulation in the Hela cervical carcinoma cells.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We showed that Pgp3 induced prominent expression of host inflammatory cytokine genes including interleukin-6 (<jats:italic>IL-6<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>IL-8<\/jats:italic>, tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (<jats:italic>TNFAIP3<\/jats:italic>), and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (<jats:italic>CXCL1<\/jats:italic>), implying a possible role of Pgp3 in modulating the inflammatory reaction in the host.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02802-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T07:02:48Z","timestamp":1677913368000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-encoding Pgp3 protein induces secretion of distinct inflammatory signatures from HeLa cervical epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Heng Choon","family":"Cheong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Ying","family":"Cheok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee Teng","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting Fang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofiah","family":"Sulaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung Yeng","family":"Looi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishein","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Arulanandam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Yen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Fen","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2802_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143304","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143304","volume":"10","author":"L Newman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Newman L, Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Wijesooriya NS, Unemo M, Low N, et al. Global estimates of the prevalence and incidence of four curable sexually transmitted infections in 2012 based on systematic review and global reporting. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0143304.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2802_CR2","first-page":"110","volume":"17","author":"A Ahmadi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ahmadi A, Khodabandehloo M, Ramazanzadeh R, Farhadifar F, Roshani D, Ghaderi E, et al. The relationship between Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection and spontaneous abortion. J Reprod Infertil. 2016;17:110.","journal-title":"J Reprod Infertil"},{"key":"2802_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1709.100865","volume":"17","author":"D Baud","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baud D, Goy G, Jaton K, Osterheld MC, Blumer S, Borel N, et al. Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in miscarriage. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1630.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2802_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.022665","volume":"83","author":"MM Blas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Blas MM, Canchihuaman FA, Alva IE, Hawes SE. Pregnancy outcomes in women infected with Chlamydia trachomatis: a population-based cohort study in Washington state. Sex Transm Infect. 2007;83:314.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"2802_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-011-9586-1","volume":"26","author":"GI Rours","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rours GI, Duijts L, Moll HA, Arends LR, de Groot R, Jaddoe VW, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infection during pregnancy associated with preterm delivery: a population-based prospective cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26:493.","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2802_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(02)00011-2","volume":"11","author":"RS Stephens","year":"2003","unstructured":"Stephens RS. The cellular paradigm of chlamydial pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol. 2003;11:44.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"2802_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-143-6-1847","volume":"143","author":"NS Thomas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thomas NS, Lusher M, Storey CC, Clarke IN. Plasmid diversity in Chlamydia. Microbiology. 1997;143(Pt 6):1847.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2802_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00511-13","volume":"195","author":"SQ Gong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gong SQ, Yang ZS, Lei L, Shen L, Zhong GM. Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-encoded open reading frames. J Bacteriol. 2013;195:3819.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2802_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01377-07","volume":"76","author":"Z Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li Z, Chen D, Zhong Y, Wang S, Zhong G. The chlamydial plasmid-encoded protein pgp3 is secreted into the cytosol of Chlamydia-infected cells. Infect Immun. 2008;76:3415.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6017","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00847-10","volume":"192","author":"D Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen D, Lei L, Lu C, Galaleldeen A, Hart PJ, Zhong G. Characterization of Pgp3, a Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-encoded immunodominant antigen. J Bacteriol. 2010;192:6017.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2802_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5491","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.12.5491-5497.1994","volume":"62","author":"M Comanducci","year":"1994","unstructured":"Comanducci M, Manetti R, Bini L, Santucci A, Pallini V, Cevenini R, et al. Humoral immune response to plasmid protein pgp3 in patients with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Infect Immun. 1994;62:5491.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02163.x","volume":"132","author":"S Ghaem-Maghami","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ghaem-Maghami S, Ratti G, Ghaem-Maghami M, Comanducci M, Hay PE, Bailey RL, et al. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to plasmid protein pgp3 in patients with genital and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Exp Immunol. 2003;132:436.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"2802_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.037","volume":"135","author":"M Donati","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donati M, Laroucau K, Storni E, Mazzeo C, Magnino S, Di Francesco A, et al. Serological response to pgp3 protein in animal and human chlamydial infections. Vet Microbiol. 2009;135:181.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2802_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-8-90","volume":"8","author":"Z Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li Z, Zhong Y, Lei L, Wu Y, Wang S, Zhong G. Antibodies from women urogenitally infected with C. trachomatis predominantly recognized the plasmid protein pgp3 in a conformation-dependent manner. BMC Microbiol. 2008;8:90.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2802_CR15","first-page":"11A 1","volume":"11","author":"MA Scidmore","year":"2005","unstructured":"Scidmore MA. Cultivation and laboratory maintenance of Chlamydia trachomatis. Curr Protoc Microbiol. 2005;11:11A 1.","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"2802_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerchel S, Knebel G, Konig P, Bohlmann MK, Rupp J. A human fallopian tube model for investigation of C. trachomatis infections. J Vis Exp. 2012;66:e4036.","DOI":"10.3791\/4036-v"},{"key":"2802_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.201100608","volume":"33","author":"JJ Jayapalan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jayapalan JJ, Ng KL, Razack AH, Hashim OH. Identification of potential complementary serum biomarkers to differentiate prostate cancer from benign prostatic hyperplasia using gel- and lectin-based proteomics analyses. Electrophoresis. 2012;33:1855.","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"2802_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(\u2212Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 2001;25:402.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2802_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7718","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0803313","volume":"182","author":"M Duwel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Duwel M, Welteke V, Oeckinghaus A, Baens M, Kloo B, Ferch U, et al. A20 negatively regulates T cell receptor signaling to NF-kappaB by cleaving Malt1 ubiquitin chains. J Immunol. 2009;182:7718.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2802_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1182364","volume":"327","author":"N Shembade","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shembade N, Ma A, Harhaj EW. Inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling by A20 through disruption of ubiquitin enzyme complexes. Science. 2010;327:1135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2802_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02764-14","volume":"83","author":"SF Porcella","year":"2015","unstructured":"Porcella SF, Carlson JH, Sturdevant DE, Sturdevant GL, Kanakabandi K, Virtaneva K, et al. Transcriptional profiling of human epithelial cells infected with plasmid-bearing and plasmid-deficient Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect Immun. 2015;83:534.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7186","volume":"174","author":"SP Lad","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lad SP, Fukuda EY, Li J, de la Maza LM, Li E. Up-regulation of the JAK\/STAT1 signal pathway during Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Immunol. 2005;174:7186.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2802_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000345","volume":"97","author":"Y Qin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qin Y, Li H, Qiao J. TLR2\/MyD88\/NF-kappaB signalling pathway regulates IL-8 production in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with porcine circovirus 2. J Gen Virol. 2016;97:445.","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"2802_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119136","volume":"99","author":"SJ Rasmussen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Rasmussen SJ, Eckmann L, Quayle AJ, Shen L, Zhang YX, Anderson DJ, et al. Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to Chlamydia infection suggests a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis. J Clin Invest. 1997;99:77.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2802_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20112088","volume":"208","author":"DD Rockey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rockey DD. Unraveling the basic biology and clinical significance of the chlamydial plasmid. J Exp Med. 2011;208:2159.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2802_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000903","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000903","volume":"6","author":"CM Mitchell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mitchell CM, Hutton S, Myers GS, Brunham R, Timms P. Chlamydia pneumoniae is genetically diverse in animals and appears to have crossed the host barrier to humans on (at least) two occasions. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000903.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2802_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2053-8","volume":"16","author":"M Jelocnik","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jelocnik M, Bachmann NL, Kaltenboeck B, Waugh C, Woolford L, Speight KN, et al. Genetic diversity in the plasticity zone and the presence of the chlamydial plasmid differentiates Chlamydia pecorum strains from pigs, sheep, cattle, and koalas. BMC Genomics. 2015;16:893.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2802_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1661","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1661","volume":"4","author":"M Jelocnik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jelocnik M, Bachmann NL, Seth-Smith H, Thomson NR, Timms P, Polkinghorne AM. Molecular characterisation of the Chlamydia pecorum plasmid from porcine, ovine, bovine, and koala strains indicates plasmid-strain co-evolution. PeerJ. 2016;4:e1661.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2802_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-10-239","volume":"10","author":"HM Seth-Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seth-Smith HM, Harris SR, Persson K, Marsh P, Barron A, Bignell A, et al. Co-evolution of genomes and plasmids within Chlamydia trachomatis and the emergence in Sweden of a new variant strain. BMC Genomics. 2009;10:239.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2802_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones CA, Hadfield J, Thomson NR, Cleary DW, Marsh P, Clarke IN, et al. The nature and extent of plasmid variation in Chlamydia trachomatis. Microorganisms. 2020;8:373.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030373"},{"key":"2802_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6010","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.12.6010-6013.1998","volume":"66","author":"DR Stothard","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stothard DR, Williams JA, Van Der Pol B, Jones RB. Identification of a Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E urogenital isolate which lacks the cryptic plasmid. Infect Immun. 1998;66:6010.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.7.2965-2969.1997","volume":"65","author":"A Farencena","year":"1997","unstructured":"Farencena A, Comanducci M, Donati M, Ratti G, Cevenini R. Characterization of a new isolate of Chlamydia trachomatis which lacks the common plasmid and has properties of biovar trachoma. Infect Immun. 1997;65:2965.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-619X(90)90033-9","volume":"23","author":"EM Peterson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Peterson EM, Markoff BA, Schachter J, de la Maza LM. The 7.5-kb plasmid present in Chlamydia trachomatis is not essential for the growth of this microorganism. Plasmid. 1990;23:144.","journal-title":"Plasmid"},{"key":"2802_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00747.x","volume":"8","author":"KR Buchholz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Buchholz KR, Stephens RS. Activation of the host cell proinflammatory interleukin-8 response by Chlamydia trachomatis. Cell Microbiol. 2006;8:1768.","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"2802_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00741.x","volume":"53","author":"R Kettritz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kettritz R, Gaido ML, Haller H, Luft FC, Jennette CJ, Falk RJ. Interleukin-8 delays spontaneous and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis of human neutrophils. Kidney Int. 1998;53:84.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2802_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2688","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00055-14","volume":"82","author":"H Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang H, Zhou Z, Chen J, Wu G, Yang Z, Zhou Z, et al. Lack of long-lasting hydrosalpinx in a\/J mice correlates with rapid but transient chlamydial Ascension and neutrophil recruitment in the oviduct following intravaginal inoculation with Chlamydia muridarum. Infect Immun. 2014;82:2688.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2802_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S114","DOI":"10.1086\/652397","volume":"201","author":"T Darville","year":"2010","unstructured":"Darville T, Hiltke TJ. Pathogenesis of genital tract disease due to Chlamydia trachomatis. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(Suppl 2):S114.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2802_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01734.x","volume":"63","author":"P Mpiga","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mpiga P, Mansour S, Morisset R, Beaulieu R, Ravaoarinoro M. Sustained interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression following infection with Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 in a HeLa\/THP-1 cell co-culture model. Scand J Immunol. 2006;63:199.","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"2802_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4029","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05535-11","volume":"79","author":"LC Frazer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Frazer LC, O'Connell CM, Andrews CW Jr, Zurenski MA, Darville T. Enhanced neutrophil longevity and recruitment contribute to the severity of oviduct pathology during Chlamydia muridarum infection. Infect Immun. 2011;79:4029.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3341","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01795-14","volume":"82","author":"KH Ramsey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ramsey KH, Schripsema JH, Smith BJ, Wang Y, Jham BC, O'Hagan KP, et al. Plasmid CDS5 influences infectivity and virulence in a mouse model of Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital infection. Infect Immun. 2014;82:3341.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02576-14","volume":"82","author":"Y Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu Y, Huang Y, Yang Z, Sun Y, Gong S, Hou S, et al. Plasmid-encoded Pgp3 is a major virulence factor for Chlamydia muridarum to induce hydrosalpinx in mice. Infect Immun. 2014;82:5327.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111266","volume":"208","author":"L Kari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kari L, Whitmire WM, Olivares-Zavaleta N, Goheen MM, Taylor LD, Carlson JH, et al. A live-attenuated chlamydial vaccine protects against trachoma in nonhuman primates. J Exp Med. 2011;208:2217.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2802_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00461","volume":"5","author":"T Kawasaki","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kawasaki T, Kawai T. Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Front Immunol. 2014;5:461.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2802_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh186","volume":"17","author":"K Takeda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takeda K, Akira S. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity. Int Immunol. 2005;17:1.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"2802_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208783885344","volume":"14","author":"AG Joyee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Joyee AG, Yang X. Role of toll-like receptors in immune responses to chlamydial infections. Curr Pharm Des. 2008;14:593.","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"2802_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510182200","volume":"281","author":"CM O'Connell","year":"2006","unstructured":"O'Connell CM, Ionova IA, Quayle AJ, Visintin A, Ingalls RR. Localization of TLR2 and MyD88 to Chlamydia trachomatis inclusions. Evidence for signaling by intracellular TLR2 during infection with an obligate intracellular pathogen. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:1652.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2802_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6187","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.11.6187","volume":"171","author":"T Darville","year":"2003","unstructured":"Darville T, O'Neill JM, Andrews CW Jr, Nagarajan UM, Stahl L, Ojcius DM. Toll-like receptor-2, but not toll-like receptor-4, is essential for development of oviduct pathology in chlamydial genital tract infection. J Immunol. 2003;171:6187.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2802_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12121","volume":"71","author":"GL Sturdevant","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sturdevant GL, Zhou B, Carlson JH, Whitmire WM, Song L, Caldwell HD. Infectivity of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid-deficient, CT135-null, and double-deficient strains in female mice. Pathog Dis. 2014;71:90.","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2802_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/2049-632X.12086","volume":"70","author":"IM Sigar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sigar IM, Schripsema JH, Wang Y, Clarke IN, Cutcliffe LT, Seth-Smith HM, et al. Plasmid deficiency in urogenital isolates of Chlamydia trachomatis reduces infectivity and virulence in a mouse model. Pathog Dis. 2014;70:61.","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2802_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01118-10","volume":"79","author":"CM O'Connell","year":"2011","unstructured":"O'Connell CM, AbdelRahman YM, Green E, Darville HK, Saira K, Smith B, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 activation by Chlamydia trachomatis is plasmid dependent, and plasmid-responsive chromosomal loci are coordinately regulated in response to glucose limitation by C. trachomatis but not by C. muridarum. Infect Immun. 2011;79:1044.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01105-10","volume":"79","author":"M Russell","year":"2011","unstructured":"Russell M, Darville T, Chandra-Kuntal K, Smith B, Andrews CW Jr, O'Connell CM. Infectivity acts as in vivo selection for maintenance of the chlamydial cryptic plasmid. Infect Immun. 2011;79:98.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28658-0","volume":"152","author":"CM O'Connell","year":"2006","unstructured":"O'Connell CM, Nicks KM. A plasmid-cured Chlamydia muridarum strain displays altered plaque morphology and reduced infectivity in cell culture. Microbiology. 2006;152:1601.","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"2802_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00102-08","volume":"76","author":"JH Carlson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carlson JH, Whitmire WM, Crane DD, Wicke L, Virtaneva K, Sturdevant DE, et al. The Chlamydia trachomatis plasmid is a transcriptional regulator of chromosomal genes and a virulence factor. Infect Immun. 2008;76:2273.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-013-4470-8","volume":"56","author":"H Zhou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhou H, Huang Q, Li Z, Wu Y, Xie X, Ma K, et al. PORF5 plasmid protein of Chlamydia trachomatis induces MAPK-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines via TLR2 activation in THP-1 cells. Sci China Life Sci. 2013;56:460.","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"2802_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00746-15","volume":"83","author":"S Hou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hou S, Dong X, Yang Z, Li Z, Liu Q, Zhong G. Chlamydial plasmid-encoded virulence factor Pgp3 neutralizes the antichlamydial activity of human cathelicidin LL-37. Infect Immun. 2015;83:4701.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939275","volume":"40","author":"SM Alalwani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alalwani SM, Sierigk J, Herr C, Pinkenburg O, Gallo R, Vogelmeier C, et al. The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates the inflammatory and host defense response of human neutrophils. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40:1118.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2802_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou S, Sun X, Dong X, Lin H, Tang L, Xue M, et al. Chlamydial plasmid-encoded virulence factor Pgp3 interacts with human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 to modulate immune response. Microbes Infect. 2018;21:50.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.06.003"},{"key":"2802_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheong HC, Lee CYQ, Cheok YY, Shankar EM, Sabet NS, Tan GMY, et al. CPAF, HSP60 and MOMP antigens elicit pro-inflammatory cytokines production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from genital Chlamydia trachomatis-infected patients. Immunobiology. 2018;224:34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2018.10.010"},{"key":"2802_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.3.1490-1499.2006","volume":"74","author":"J Sharma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sharma J, Zhong Y, Dong F, Piper JM, Wang G, Zhong G. Profiling of human antibody responses to Chlamydia trachomatis urogenital tract infection using microplates arrayed with 156 chlamydial fusion proteins. Infect Immun. 2006;74:1490.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2802_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-5113","volume":"51","author":"T Skwor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Skwor T, Kandel RP, Basravi S, Khan A, Sharma B, Dean D. Characterization of humoral immune responses to chlamydial HSP60, CPAF, and CT795 in inflammatory and severe trachoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:5128.","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"2802_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5310","volume":"103","author":"A Kol","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kol A, Bourcier T, Lichtman AH, Libby P. Chlamydial and human heat shock protein 60s activate human vascular endothelium, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:571.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2802_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der167","volume":"26","author":"A Hjelholt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hjelholt A, Christiansen G, Johannesson TG, Ingerslev HJ, Birkelund S. Tubal factor infertility is associated with antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) but not human HSP60. Hum Reprod. 2011;26:2069.","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2802_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01590940","volume":"14","author":"HM Freidank","year":"1995","unstructured":"Freidank HM, Clad A, Herr AS, Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad M, Jung B. Immune response to Chlamydia trachomatis heat-shock protein in infertile female patients and influence of Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995;14:1063.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2802_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13091","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13091","volume":"81","author":"EF van Ess","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Ess EF, Eck-Hauer A, Land JA, Morre SA, Ouburg S. Combining individual Chlamydia trachomatis IgG antibodies MOMP, TARP, CPAF, OMP2, and HSP60 for tubal factor infertility prediction. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2019;81:e13091.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"2802_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2004.00223.x","volume":"52","author":"L Karinen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Karinen L, Pouta A, Hartikainen AL, Bloigu A, Paldanius M, Leinonen M, et al. Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock proteins Hsp60 and Hsp10 and subfertility in general population at age 31. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2004;52:291.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02802-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02802-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02802-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]],"date-time":"2023-03-04T08:04:02Z","timestamp":1677917042000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02802-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02802-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"58"}}