{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:48:24Z","timestamp":1792432104580,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Enteroccocus<\/jats:italic> spp. are human opportunistic pathogens causing a variety of serious and life-threating infections in humans, including urinary tract infection, endocarditis, skin infection and bacteraemia. Farm animals and direct contact with them are important sources of <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> (EFA) and <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic> (EFM) infections among farmers, veterinarians and individuals working in breeding farms and abattoirs. The spread of antibiotic-resistant strains is one of the most serious public health concerns, as clinicians will be left without therapeutic options for the management of enterococcal infections. The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of EFA and EFM strains isolated from a pig farm environment and to determine the biofilm formation ability of identified <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. strains.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total numer of 160 enterococcal isolates were obtained from 475 samples collected in total (33.7%). Among them, 110 of genetically different strains were identified and classified into EFA (82; 74.5%) and EFM (28; 25.5%). Genetic similarity analysis revealed the presence of 7 and 1 clusters among the EFA and EFM strains, respectively. The highest percentage of EFA strains (16; 19.5%) was resistant to high concentrations of gentamicin. Among the EFM strains, the most frequent strains were resistant to ampicillin and high concentrations of gentamicin (5 each; 17.9%). Six (7.3%) EFA and 4 (14.3%) EFM strains showed vancomycin resistance (VRE - Vancomycin-Resistant <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>). Linezolid resistance was found in 2 strains of each species. The multiplex PCR analysis was performed to identify the vancomycin resistant enterococci. <jats:italic>vanB, vanA and vanD<\/jats:italic> genotypes were detected in 4, 1 and 1 EFA strains, respectively. Four EFA VRE-strains in total, 2 with the <jats:italic>vanA<\/jats:italic> and 2 with the <jats:italic>vanB<\/jats:italic> genotypes, were identified. The biofilm analysis revealed that all vancomycin-resistant <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. faecium<\/jats:italic> strains demonstrated a higher biofilm-forming capacity, as compared to the susceptible strains. The lowest cell count (5.31 log CFU \/ cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) was reisolated from the biofilm produced by the vancomycin-sensitive strain EFM 2. The highest level of re-isolated cells was observed for VRE EFA 25 and VRE EFM 7 strains, for which the number was 7 log CFU \/ cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and 6.75 log CFU \/ cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The irrational use of antibiotics in agriculture and veterinary practice is considered to be one of the key reasons for the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among microorganisms. Owing to the fact that piggery environment can be a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance and transmission route of antimicrobial resistance genes from commensal zoonotic bacteria to clinical strains, it is of a great importance to public health to monitor trends in this biological phenomenon.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02834-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T05:03:08Z","timestamp":1680152588000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Assessment of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of Enterococcus species isolated from different pig farm environments in Poland"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Grudlewska-Buda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Skowron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Bauza-Kaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Budzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Wiktorczyk-Kapischke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Wilk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wujak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Paluszak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2834_CR1","first-page":"73","volume":"34","author":"LK Zou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zou LK, Wang HN, Zeng B, Li JN, Li XT, Zhang AY, Zhou YS, Yang X, Xu CW, Xia Q. Erythromycin resistance and virulence genes in Enterococcus faecalis from swine in China. New Microbiol. 2011;34(1):73\u201380.","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589439","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.589439","volume":"7","author":"JW Oguttu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oguttu JW, Qekwana DN, Odoi A. Prevalence and predictors of antimicrobial resistance among Enterococcus spp. from dogs presented at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital, South Africa. Front Vet Sci. 2021;7:589439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.589439.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2834_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ahmed MO, Baptiste KE, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. A Review of Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms and Perspectives of Human and Animal Health. Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.). 2018;24(5):590\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2017.0147","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0147"},{"key":"2834_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61002-5","volume":"10","author":"R Zaheer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zaheer R, Cook SR, Barbieri R, Goji N, Cameron A, Petkau A, Ortega Polo R, Tymensen L, Stamm C, Song J, Hannon S, Jones T, Church D, Booker CW, Amoako K, Van Domselaar G, Read RR, McAllister TA. Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. reveals distinct species and antimicrobial resistance diversity across a one-health continuum. Sci Rep. 2020;10:3937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-61002-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2834_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0594-3","volume":"8","author":"R Markwart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Markwart R, Willrich N, Haller S, et al. The rise in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Germany: data from the german Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (ARS). Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-019-0594-3.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"2834_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1203882","volume":"23","author":"K Skowron","year":"2016","unstructured":"Skowron K, Jele\u0144ska A, Paluszak Z, Szala B. Prevalence and distribution of VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococci) and VSE (vancomycin susceptible enterococci) strains in the breeding environment. AAEM. 2016;23(2):231\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5604\/12321966.1203882.","journal-title":"AAEM"},{"issue":"4","key":"2834_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky537","volume":"l74","author":"A de Jong","year":"2019","unstructured":"de Jong A, Simjee S, Rose M, Moyaert H, El Garch F, Youala M, EASSA Study Group (). Antimicrobial resistance monitoring in commensal enterococci from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens across Europe during 2004-14 (EASSA Study). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;l74(4):921\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dky537.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"2834_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050882","volume":"9","author":"ALK Badul Abia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Badul Abia ALK, Amoako DG, Perrett K, Bester LA, Essack SY. From the farms to the dining table: the distribution and molecular characteristics of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. in intensive pig farming in South Africa. Microorganisms. 2021;9(5):882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9050882.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"3","key":"2834_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.3.913-917.2002","volume":"40","author":"HZ Lu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lu HZ, Weng XH, Li H, Yin YK, Pang MY, Tang YW. Enterococcus faecium-related outbreak with molecular evidence of transmission from pigs to humans. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(3):913\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.40.3.913-917.2002.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2834_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt289","volume":"68","author":"C Novais","year":"2013","unstructured":"Novais C, Freitas AR, Silveira E, Antunes P, Silva R, Coque TM, Peixe L. Spread of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus to animals and humans: an underestimated role for the pig farm environment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(12):2746\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkt289.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2834_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.01.020","volume":"104","author":"A Beshiru","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beshiru A, Igbinosa IH, Omeje FI, Ogofure AG, Eyong MM, Igbinosa EO. Multi-antibiotic resistant and putative virulence gene signatures in Enterococcus species isolated from pig farms environment. Microb Pathog. 2017;104:90\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.01.020.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2834_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.07.034","volume":"161","author":"TM Braga","year":"2013","unstructured":"Braga TM, Pomba C, Lopes MF. High-level vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium related to humans and pigs found in dust from pig breeding facilities. Vet Microbiol. 2013;161(3\u20134):344\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.07.034.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zarzecka U, Zadernowska A, Chaj\u0119cka-Wierzchowska W. Effects of osmotic and high pressure stress on expression of virulence factors among Enterococcus spp. isolated from food of animal origin. Food Microbiol. 2022;102:103900. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2021.103900"},{"key":"2834_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5353","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5353","volume":"6","author":"SC Tan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tan SC, Chong CW, Teh CSJ, Ooi PT, Thong KL. Occurrence of virulent multidrug- resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in the pigs, farmers and farm environments in Malaysia. PeerJ. 2018;6:e5353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.5353.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"2834_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.956092","volume":"12","author":"WR Miller","year":"2014","unstructured":"Miller WR, Munita JM, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12(10):1221\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14787210.2014.956092.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2834_CR16","first-page":"244","volume":"57","author":"K Talaga-\u0106wiertnia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Talaga-\u0106wiertnia K, Bulanda M. Lekooporno\u015b\u0107 rodzaju Enterococcus - aktualny problem w\u015br\u00f3d ludzi i zwierz\u0105t. Article in polish. Post Mikrobiol. 2018;57(3):244\u201350.","journal-title":"Post Mikrobiol"},{"key":"2834_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.05.001","volume":"137","author":"C Pissetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pissetti C, Kich JD, Allen HK, Navarrete C, de Freitas Costa E, Mor\u00e9s N, Cardoso M. Antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. isolated from pigs subjected to different antimicrobial administration protocols. Res Vet Sci. 2021;137:174\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.05.001.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"2834_CR18","unstructured":"Kristich CJ, Rice LB, Arias CA. Enterococcal infection\u2014treatment and antibiotic resistance. In: Gilmore MS, editor. Et. al., Enterococci: from commensals to leading causes of drug resistant infection. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; 2014."},{"key":"2834_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rogoz W, Sypniewski D, Bednarek I. Analysis of selected genetic traits, phenotypes, and epidemiological threat of Enterococcus bacteria resistant to vancomycin.Adv Microbiol. 201958(1):35\u201348. doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21307\/PM-2019.58.1.035","DOI":"10.21307\/PM-2019.58.1.035"},{"key":"2834_CR20","unstructured":"Szczypta A, Talaga K, Bulanda M. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci as etiologic agents in healthcare-associated infections\u2014pathogenicity and control methods.Hygeia Public Health2016;51(2):134\u2013140"},{"key":"2834_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00825-3","volume":"13","author":"S Arredondo-Alonso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arredondo-Alonso S, Top J, Corander J, et al. Mode and dynamics of vanA-type vancomycin resistance dissemination in dutch hospitals. Genome Med. 2021;13:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13073-020-00825-3.","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"2834_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hammerum AM. Enterococci of animal origin and their significance for public health. Clin Microbiol Infect: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2012;18(7):619\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03829.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2012.03829.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"2834_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2017.1360341","volume":"46","author":"M Kern","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kern M, Aschenbach JR, Tedin K, et al. Characterization of inflammasome components in Pig Intestine and analysis of the influence of probiotic Enterococcus faecium during an Escherichia coli challenge. Immunol Invest. 2017;46(7):742\u201357.","journal-title":"Immunol Invest"},{"key":"2834_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.10.013","volume":"65","author":"V Cattoir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cattoir V. The multifaceted lifestyle of enterococci: genetic diversity, ecology and risks for public health. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2022;65:73\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mib.2021.10.013.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dubin K, Pamer EG. Enterococci and their interactions with the intestinal microbiome. Microbiol Spectr. 2004;5(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0014-2016.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0014-2016"},{"key":"2834_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.01.005","volume":"9","author":"J Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao J, Liu R, Sun Y, Yang X, Yao J. Tracing enterococci persistence along a pork production chain from feed to food in China. Anim Nutr. 2022;9:223\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.01.005.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2834_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11050615","volume":"11","author":"J Gi\u00e3o","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gi\u00e3o J, Le\u00e3o C, Albuquerque T, Clemente L, Amaro A. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus isolates from cattle and pigs in portugal: linezolid resistance genes optra and poxta. Antibiotics. 2022;11:615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11050615.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2834_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800261-2.00004-9","volume":"87","author":"C Staley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Staley C, Dunny GM, Sadowsky MJ. Environmental and animal-associated enterococci. Adv Appl Microbiol. 2014;87:147\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-800261-2.00004-9.","journal-title":"Adv Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606377","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.606377","volume":"7","author":"G Oliveira de Araujo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oliveira de Araujo G, Huff R, Favarini MO, Mann MB, Peters FB, Frazzon J, Guedes Frazzon AP. Multidrug resistance in Enterococci isolated from wild Pampas Foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) and Geoffroy\u2019s cats (Leopardus geoffroyi) in the brazilian pampa biome. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:606377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2020.606377.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2834_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135830","volume":"705","author":"A Nowakiewicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nowakiewicz A, Zi\u0119ba P, Gnat S, Tro\u015bcia\u0144czyk A, Osi\u0144ska M, \u0141agowski D, Kosior-Korzecka U, Puzio I. A significant number of multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecalis in wildlife animals; long-term consequences and new or known reservoirs of resistance? Sci. Total Environ. 2020;705:135830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135830.","journal-title":"Total Environ"},{"key":"2834_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Jong A, Simjee S, Garch FE, Moyaert H, Rose M, Youala M, Dry M, EASSA Study Group. (2018). Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci recovered from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens in nine EU countries (EASSA Study) to critically important antibiotics. Vet. Microbiol. 2018;216, 168\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.02.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.02.010"},{"issue":"10","key":"2834_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002700","volume":"139","author":"S van Hoorebeke","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Hoorebeke S, van Immerseel F, Berge AC, Persoons D, Schulz J, Hartung J, Harisberger M, Regula G, Barco L, Ricci A, de Vylder J, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Dewulf J. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis in housed laying-hen flocks in Europe. Epidemiol Infect. 2011;139(10):1610\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268810002700.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2834_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03074","volume":"9","author":"M Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu M, Kemper N, Volkmann N, Schulz J. Resistance of Enterococcus spp. in dust from farm animal houses: a retrospective study. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:3074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03074.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-019-0441-9","author":"B Aasm\u00e4e","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aasm\u00e4e B, H\u00e4kkinen L, Kaart T, Kalmus P. Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. Acta Vet Scand. 2019;61(1):5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13028-019-0441-9. isolated from Estonian cattle and swine from 2010 to 2015."},{"key":"2834_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03037","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03037-20","volume":"87","author":"T Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee T, Jordan D, Sahibzada S, Abraham R, Pang S, Coombs GW, O\u2019Dea M, Abraham S. Antimicrobial resistance in porcine enterococci in Australia and the ramifications for human health. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021;87:e03037\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.03037-20.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1515\/bvip-2015-0034","volume":"59","author":"H R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ska","year":"2015","unstructured":"R\u00f3\u017ca\u0144ska H, Lewtak-Pi\u0142at A, Osek J. Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from meat. Bull Vet Inst Pulawy. 2015;59:229\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/bvip-2015-0034.","journal-title":"Bull Vet Inst Pulawy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2834_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.2.520-525.1998","volume":"36","author":"FJ Caballero-Granado","year":"1998","unstructured":"Caballero-Granado FJ, Cisneros JM, Luque R, Torres-Tortosa M, Gamboa F, D\u00edez F, Villanueva JL, P\u00e9rez-Cano R, Pasquau J, Merino D, Menchero A, Mora D, L\u00f3pez-Ruz MA, Vergara A. Comparative study of bacteremias caused by Enterococcus spp. with and without high-level resistance to gentamicin. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(2):520\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.36.2.520-525.1998.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2834_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03182.x","volume":"54","author":"M Sparo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sparo M, Urbizu L, Solana MV, Pourcel G, Delpech G, Confalonieri A, Ceci M, S\u00e1nchez Bruni SF. High-level resistance to gentamicin: genetic transfer between Enterococcus faecalis isolated from food of animal origin and human microbiota. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2012;54(2):119\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2011.03182.x.","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.01.013","volume":"199","author":"M Jahan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jahan M, Zhanel GG, Sparling R, Holley RA. Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance from Enterococcus faecium of fermented meat origin to clinical isolates of E. faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Food Microbiol. 2015;199:78\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.04.016","volume":"22","author":"K Chotinantakul","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chotinantakul K, Chansiw N, Okada S. Biofilm formation and transfer of a streptomycin resistance gene in enterococci from fermented pork. JGAR. 2020;22:434\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgar.2020.04.016.","journal-title":"JGAR"},{"issue":"1","key":"2834_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","volume":"19","author":"A Cassini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cassini A, H\u00f6gberg LD, Plachouras D, et al. Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):56\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2834_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1769500","volume":"9","author":"O Ayobami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayobami O, Willrich N, Reuss A, Eckmanns T, Markwart R. The ongoing challenge of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in Europe: an epidemiological analysis of bloodstream infections. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):1180\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/22221751.2020.1769500.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"2834_CR43","unstructured":"Levitus M, Rewane A, Perera TB. Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci. StatPearls. 2022StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"2834_CR44","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/pdf\/threats-report\/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf"},{"key":"2834_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2018.10.002","volume":"40","author":"JK Bender","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bender JK, Cattoir V, Hegstad K, Sadowy E, Coque TM, Westh H, Hammerum AM, Schaffer K, Burns K, Murchan S, Novais C, Freitas AR, Peixe L, Del Grosso M, Pantosti A, Werner G. Update on prevalence and mechanisms of resistance to linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin in enterococci in Europe: towards a common nomenclature. Drug Resist Updates. 2018;40:25\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drup.2018.10.002.","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updates"},{"key":"2834_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Correa-Mart\u00ednez CL, Jurke A, Schmitz J, Schaumburg F, Kampmeier S, Mellmann A. Molecular Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Bloodstream Infections in Germany: A Population-Based Prospective Longitudinal Study. Microorganisms 2022;10:130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10010130","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10010130"},{"issue":"1","key":"2834_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.12.007","volume":"193","author":"S Ramos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ramos S, Igrejas G, Rodrigues J, Capelo-Martinez JL, Poeta P. Genetic characterisation of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in vanA-containing enterococci from cattle, sheep and pigs subsequent to the discontinuation of the use of avoparcin. Vet J. 2012;193(1):301\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.12.007.","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2834_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04274.x","volume":"107","author":"C Kotzamanidis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kotzamanidis C, Zdragas A, Kourelis A, Moraitou E, Papa A, Yiantzi V, Pantelidou C, Yiangou M. Characterization of vanA-type Enterococcus faecium isolates from urban and hospital wastewater and pigs. J Appl Microbiol. 2009;107(3):997\u20131005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04274.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2834_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.05.011","volume":"1861","author":"CS Hughes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hughes CS, Longo E, Phillips-Jones MK, Hussain R. Characterisation of the selective binding of antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin by the VanS receptor regulating type A vancomycin resistance in the enterococci. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2017;1861(8):1951\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbagen.2017.05.011.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj"},{"issue":"3","key":"2834_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-012-0067-6","volume":"15","author":"V Seputiene","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seputiene V, Bogdaite A, Ruzauskas M, Suziedeliene E. Antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from diseased farm animals: pigs, cattle and poultry. Pol J Vet Sci. 2012;15(3):431\u20138.","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2834_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000400","volume":"66","author":"A Nowakiewicz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nowakiewicz A, Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska G, Tro\u015bcia\u0144czyk A, Zi\u0119ba P, Gnat S. Determination of antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus strains isolated from pigs and their genotypic characterization by method of amplification of DNA fragments surrounding rare restriction sites (ADSRRS fingerprinting). J Med Microbiol. 2017;66(2):175\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.000400.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2834_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0107-z","volume":"17","author":"JH Ch\u2019ng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ch\u2019ng JH, Chong K, Lam LN, Wong JJ, Kline KA. Biofilm-associated infection by enterococci. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(2):82\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-018-0107-z.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2834_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.024109","volume":"58","author":"AA Ramadhan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ramadhan AA, Hegedus E. Biofilm formation and esp gene carriage in enterococci. J Clin Pathol. 2005;58(7):685\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jcp.2004.024109.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2834_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.8.3558-3565.2004","volume":"42","author":"CR Jackson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jackson CR, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Barrett JB. Use of a Genus- and species-specific multiplex PCR for identification of Enterococci. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(8):3558\u201365.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-144-5-1171","volume":"144","author":"M Hans-Jurg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hans-Jurg M, Quednau M, Samuelsson A, Isaksson B, Ahrne S, Jonasson J. Division of the genus Enterococcus into species groups using PCR-based molecular typing methods. Microbiol. 1998;144:1171\u20139.","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"2834_CR56","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. http:\/\/www.eucast.org. Accessed 30 September 2016"},{"key":"2834_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.1.24-27.1995","volume":"33","author":"SS Dutka-Malen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Dutka-Malen SS, Evers S, Courvalin P. Detection of glycopeptide resistance genotypes and identification to the species level of clinically relevant enterococci by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33:24\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2834_CR58","first-page":"5857","volume":"42","author":"F Depardieu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Depardieu F, Perichon B, Courvalin P. Detection of the. alphabet and identification of enterococci and staphylococci at the species level by multiplex PCR J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(12):5857\u201360.","journal-title":"alphabet and identification of enterococci and staphylococci at the species level by multiplex PCR J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2834_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090280","volume":"7","author":"K Skowron","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skowron K, Wa\u0142ecka-Zacharska E, Grudlewska K, Gajewski P, Wiktorczyk N, Wietlicka-Piszcz M, Dudek A, Skowron KJ, Gospodarek-Komkowska E. Disinfectant susceptibility of biofilm formed by Listeria monocytogenes under selected environmental conditions. Microorganisms. 2019;7(9):280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms7090280.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2834_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00035-08","volume":"76","author":"K Seidl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seidl K, Goerke C, Wolz C, Mack D, Berger-B\u00e4chi B, Bischoff M. Staphylococcus aureus CcpA affects biofilm formation. Infect Immun. 2008;76:2044\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.00035-08.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2834_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S153268","volume":"11","author":"P Neopane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neopane P, Nepal HP, Shrestha R, Uehara O, Abiko Y. In vitro biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from wounds of hospital-admitted patients and their association with antimicrobial resistance. Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:25\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJGM.S153268.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02834-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02834-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02834-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T05:04:18Z","timestamp":1680152658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02834-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-023-02834-9","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"uri","id":"","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 November 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"None of the procedures authors performed involved animals and authors had no direct contact with them. All samples were from the pig farm environment. These were air samples, swabs, litter and faeces samples (taken after defecation). In addition, samples of litter and faeces were collected by pig house employees so as not to stress the animals with the presence of strangers. The oral consent of the pig farm owner was obtained for sampling.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"89"}}