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Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the frequency and antibiotic resistance patterns of MDR, extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and CRKP, as well as the antibiotic resistance genes of <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>) isolates from patients\u2019 infectious samples from central Iran.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study examined 546 clinical samples of patients to identify <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae.<\/jats:italic> The isolates were investigated for their antibiotic resistance profile, extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL), AMPC \u03b2-lactamase, carbapenemase resistance, sulfonamide, tetracycline, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) along with their resistance genes, integrase, and quaternary ammonium compounds (<jats:italic>qac<\/jats:italic>) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Out of 546 clinical samples, 121 (22.1%) cases of <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> were identified using culture and PCR methods. The highest antibiotic resistance rates were found for ampicillin (119\/121; 98.3%), cotrimoxazole (78\/121; 64.4%), and cefixime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and ceftazidime as a group (77\/121; 63.6%). Tigecycline, colistin, and fosfomycin were the most effective antimicrobial agents with 98.4%, 96.7%, and 95.9% susceptibility, respectively. The amount of CRKP was 51 (42.1%). All CRKP isolates were MDR. The most abundant genes were <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub> (77\/77; 100%), <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX\u2212M1<\/jats:sub> (76\/77; 98.7%), <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub> (76\/77; 98.7%), <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX\u2212M15<\/jats:sub> (73\/77; 94.8%) for ESBL; <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CIT<\/jats:sub> 28 (48.3%) and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CMY\u22122<\/jats:sub> 26 (44.8%) for AMPC \u03b2-lactamase; and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA\u221248<\/jats:sub> 46 (90.1%) and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>NDM<\/jats:sub> 36 (70.5%) for carbapenemase. Among the PMQR determinants, <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic> (25\/52; 48%), <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic> (19\/52; 36.5%), and <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic> (11\/52; 21.1%) were positive from the isolates. <jats:italic>TetA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>tetB<\/jats:italic> were recognized in 25 (44.6%) and 17 (30.3%) isolates, respectively. Class 1 and 2 integrons were recognized in 97 (80.1%) and 53 (43.8%) isolates, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Due to the high prevalence of MDR and CRKP in central Iran, tracking and immediate intervention are necessary for control and inhibition of <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> resistant isolates. Tigecycline, colistin, and fosfomycin are the best treatment options for treatment of patients with CRKP in this geographical area.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02840-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T04:09:06Z","timestamp":1681186146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["High frequency of NDM-1 and OXA-48 carbapenemase genes among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in central Iran"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Elnaz","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsanollah","family":"Ghaznavi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2840_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2018.1533266","volume":"31","author":"H Vaez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaez H, Sahebkar A, Khademi F. 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Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and\/or their legal guardian(s). This study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Arak University of Medical Sciences (ARAKMU.REC.1396.3.7).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors stipulate that they have no conflict of interest regarding this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interest"}}],"article-number":"98"}}