{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:14:37Z","timestamp":1769523277039,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Hi<\/jats:italic>) is an emerging cause of early onset neonatal sepsis, but mechanisms of transmission are not well understood. We aimed to determine the prevalence of vaginal carriage of <jats:italic>Hi<\/jats:italic> in reproductive age women and to examine behavioral and demographic characteristics associated with its carriage.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We performed a secondary analysis of stored vaginal lavage specimens from a prospective cohort study of nonpregnant reproductive-age women. After extraction of bacterial genomic DNA, samples were tested for the presence of the gene encoding <jats:italic>Haemophilus<\/jats:italic> protein d (<jats:italic>hpd<\/jats:italic>) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using validated primers and probe. PCR for the V3-V4 region of the 16\u00a0S rRNA gene (positive control) assessed sample quality. Samples with cycle threshold (C<jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>) value\u2009&lt;\u200935 were defined as positive. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of <jats:italic>hpd<\/jats:italic>. Behavioral and demographic characteristics associated with vaginal carriage of <jats:italic>Hi<\/jats:italic> were examined.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>415 samples were available. 315 (75.9%) had sufficient bacterial DNA and were included. 14 (4.4%) were positive for <jats:italic>hpd<\/jats:italic>. There were no demographic or behavioral differences between the women with <jats:italic>Hi<\/jats:italic> vaginal carriage and those without. There was no difference in history of bacterial vaginosis, vaginal microbiome community state type, or presence of Group B <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> in women with and without vaginal carriage of <jats:italic>Hi<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Hi<\/jats:italic> was present in vaginal lavage specimens of 4.4% of this cohort. <jats:italic>Hi<\/jats:italic> presence was unrelated to clinical or demographic characteristics, though the relatively small number of positive samples may have limited power to detect such differences.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02885-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T04:01:46Z","timestamp":1684468906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vaginal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae in a non-pregnant reproductive-age population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Meghana A","family":"Limaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Brubaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara M","family":"Randis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam J","family":"Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2885_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.14.139790","volume":"1","author":"S Oza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oza S, Lawn JE, Hogan DR, Mathers C, Cousens SN. 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All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"AJR has served as a consultant for Pfizer and on a compassionate use advisory board for CompAC (NYU\/Janssen), both outside the scope of this manuscript. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"141"}}