{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:00:18Z","timestamp":1789542018415,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tsetse flies are cyclical vectors of African trypanosomiasis (AT). The flies have established symbiotic associations with different bacteria that influence certain aspects of their physiology. Vector competence of tsetse flies for different trypanosome species is highly variable and is suggested to be affected by bacterial endosymbionts amongst other factors. Symbiotic interactions may provide an avenue for AT control. The current study provided prevalence of three tsetse symbionts in\n                      <jats:italic>Glossina<\/jats:italic>\n                      species from Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Tsetse flies were collected and dissected from five different locations. DNA was extracted and polymerase chain reaction used to detect presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Sodalis glossinidius<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      endosymbionts, using species specific primers. A total of 848 tsetse samples were analysed:\n                      <jats:italic>Glossina morsitans submorsitans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (47.52%),\n                      <jats:italic>Glossina palpalis palpalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (37.26%),\n                      <jats:italic>Glossina fuscipes fuscipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      (9.08%) and\n                      <jats:italic>Glossina tachinoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      (6.13%). Only 95 (11.20%) were infected with at least one of the three symbionts. Among infected flies, six (6.31%) had\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      mixed infection. The overall symbiont prevalence was 0.88, 3.66 and 11.00% respectively, for\n                      <jats:italic>Sodalis glossinidius, Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and\n                      <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n                      endosymbionts. Prevalence varied between countries and tsetse fly species. Neither\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      species nor\n                      <jats:italic>S. glossinidius<\/jats:italic>\n                      were detected in samples from Cameroon and Nigeria respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study revealed, for the first time, presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Spiroplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      species infections in tsetse fly populations in Chad and Nigeria. These findings provide useful information on repertoire of bacterial flora of tsetse flies and incite more investigations to understand their implication in the vector competence of tsetse flies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03005-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]],"date-time":"2023-09-16T04:01:53Z","timestamp":1694836913000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Molecular detection of Sodalis glossinidius, Spiroplasma species and Wolbachia endosymbionts in wild population of tsetse flies collected in Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Youssouf Mouliom","family":"Mfopit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith Sophie","family":"Engel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria Dada","family":"Chechet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamat Alhadj Moussa","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djoukzoumka","family":"Signaboubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Mbunkah","family":"Achukwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Mamman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Oluwadare","family":"Balogun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Nasir","family":"Shuaibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaidu","family":"Kabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soerge","family":"Kelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"3005_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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