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However, there is a dearth of knowledge on the gut bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome in patients with gouty arthritis (GA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the multi-kingdom gut microbiome of 26 GA patients and 28 healthy controls, using whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing of their stool samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Profound alterations were observed in the gut bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome of GA patients. We identified 1,117 differentially abundant bacterial species, 23 fungal species, and 4,115 viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs). GA-enriched bacteria included\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli_D<\/jats:italic>\n                      GENOME144544,\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium infantis<\/jats:italic>\n                      GENOME095938,\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia_A wexlerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      GENOME096067, and\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      GENOME147598, while control-enriched bacteria comprised\n                      <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium prausnitzii_G<\/jats:italic>\n                      GENOME147678,\n                      <jats:italic>Agathobacter rectalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      GENOME143712, and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides_A plebeius_A<\/jats:italic>\n                      GENOME239725. GA-enriched fungi included opportunistic pathogens like\n                      <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                      GCA_011057565,\n                      <jats:italic>Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      GCA_000182765, and\n                      <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., while control-enriched fungi featured several\n                      <jats:italic>Hortaea werneckii<\/jats:italic>\n                      subclades and\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus fumigatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      GCA_000002655. GA-enriched vOTUs mainly attributed to\n                      <jats:italic>Siphoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Myoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Podoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Microviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas control-enriched vOTUs spanned 13 families, including\n                      <jats:italic>Siphoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Myoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Podoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Quimbyviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Phycodnaviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>crAss-like<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A co-abundance network revealed intricate interactions among these multi-kingdom signatures, signifying their collective influence on the disease. Furthermore, these microbial signatures demonstrated the potential to effectively discriminate between patients and controls, highlighting their diagnostic utility.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study yields crucial insights into the characteristics of the GA microbiota that may inform future mechanistic and therapeutic investigations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03097-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T00:02:14Z","timestamp":1700784134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characterizations of the multi-kingdom gut microbiota in Chinese patients with gouty arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Changming","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueming","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiulong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hufan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiya","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daomin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoyi","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiongyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangzhao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiqin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wukai","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3097_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0115-y","volume":"5","author":"N Dalbeth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dalbeth N, Choi HK, Joosten LAB, Khanna PP, Matsuo H, Perez-Ruiz F, Stamp LK. 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