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Clinical diversity is influenced by various factors such as\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and host genetic background. The role of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      RNA virus (LRV), as an endosymbiont, is suggested to not only affect the pathogenesis of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      , but also impact host immune responses. This study aimed to investigate the influence of LRV2 on the expression of a number of virulence factors (VFs) of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      and pro-inflammatory biomarkers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sample were obtained from CL patients from Golestan province.\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were identified by PCR (LIN 4, 17), and the presence of LRV2 was checked using the semi-nested PCR (RdRp gene). Human monocyte cell line (THP-1) was treated with three isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>\n                      with LRV2 and one isolate of\n                      <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>major<\/jats:italic>\n                      without LRV2. The treatments with four isolates were administered for the time points: zero, 12, 24, 36, and 48\u00a0h after co-infection. The expression levels of\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                      VFs genes including\n                      <jats:italic>GP63<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>HSP83<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>MPI<\/jats:italic>\n                      , as well as pro-inflammatory biomarkers genes including\n                      <jats:italic>NLRP3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IL18<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>IL1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , were measured using quantitative real-time PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The expression of\n                      <jats:italic>GP63<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>HSP83<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>MPI<\/jats:italic>\n                      revealed up-regulation in LRV2\u2009+\u2009isolates compared to LRV2- isolates. The expression of the pro-inflammatory biomarkers including\n                      <jats:italic>NLRP3, IL1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>IL18<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes in LRV2- were higher than LRV2\u2009+\u2009isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This finding suggests that LRV2\u2009+\u2009may have a probable effect on the\n                      <jats:italic>Leishmani<\/jats:italic>\n                      a VFs and pro-inflammatory biomarkers in the human macrophage model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03140-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T03:02:31Z","timestamp":1702522951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The effects of Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) on the virulence factors of L. major and pro-inflammatory biomarkers: an in vitro study on human monocyte cell line (THP-1)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Mirabedini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed","family":"Mirjalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Kazemirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Khamesipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katayoun","family":"Samimirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Koosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Saberi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanieh Mohammad","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Mohebali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homa","family":"Hajjaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"3140_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1990653111","volume":"65","author":"J Rioux","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rioux J, Lanotte G, Serres E, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perieres J. 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Written informed consent was obtained from the patients. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant regulations and guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"398"}}