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As the primary phagocytes in the bloodstream, monocytes and neutrophils play critical roles in the fight against bloodstream mycobacteria infections. In contrast to macrophages, the responses of monocytes infected with the mycobacteria have been less investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we first established a protocol for infection of non-adherent monocyte-like THP-1 cells (i.e. without the differentiation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) by bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG). Via the protocol, we were then capable of exploring the global transcriptomic profiles of non-adherent THP-1 cells infected with BCG, and found that NF-\u03baB, MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways were enhanced, as well as some inflammatory chemokine\/cytokine genes (\n                      <jats:italic>e.g. CCL4<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CXCL10<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TNF<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were up-regulated. Surprisingly, the Akt-HIF-mTOR signaling pathway was also activated, which induces trained immunity. In this in vitro infection model, increased cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) restimulation, higher cell viability, and decreased\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      loads were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have first characterized the transcriptomic profiles of BCG-infected non-adherent THP-1 cells, and first developed a trained immunity in vitro model of the cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03191-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T04:02:30Z","timestamp":1713585750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Establishment of an in vitro model of monocyte-like THP-1 cells for trained immunity induced by bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Jin-Chuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui-qing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian-hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhidong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"3191_CR1","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2022","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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