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This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, toxin genotypes, and antibiotic resistance of <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> among hospitalized patients in Xi\u2019an, China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We isolated and cultured 156 strains of <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>, representing 12.67% of the 1231 inpatient stool samples collected. Among the isolates, <jats:italic>tcdA\u2009+\u2009B\u2009+<\/jats:italic>\u2009strains were predominant, accounting for 78.2% (122\/156), followed by 27 <jats:italic>tcdA-B\u2009+<\/jats:italic>\u2009strains (27\/156, 17.3%) and 6 binary toxin gene-positive strains. The positive rates of three regulatory genes, <jats:italic>tcdC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>tcdR<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>tcdE<\/jats:italic>, were 89.1% (139\/156), 96.8% (151\/156), and 100%, respectively. All isolates were sensitive to metronidazole, and the resistance rates to clindamycin and cephalosporins were also high. Six strains were found to be resistant to vancomycin.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Currently, the prevalence rate of <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic> infection (CDI) in Xi\u2019an is 12.67% (156\/1231), with the major toxin genotype of the isolates being <jats:italic>tcdA\u2009+\u2009tcdB\u2009+\u2009cdtA-\/B-<\/jats:italic>. Metronidazole and vancomycin were still effective drugs for the treatment of CDI, but we should pay attention to antibiotic management and epidemiological surveillance of CDI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03327-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T05:01:58Z","timestamp":1716440518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Toxin genotypes, antibiotic resistance and their correlations in Clostridioides difficile isolated from hospitals in Xi\u2019an, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sukai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congcong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruibing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Airong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjiong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2019e","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"3327_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1403772","author":"DA Leffler","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leffler DA, Lamont JT. 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Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2022."}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-024-03327-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-024-03327-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-024-03327-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T05:02:39Z","timestamp":1716440559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-024-03327-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-024-03327-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was settled and performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki and obtained approval from the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University (No: XJTU1AF2017LSK-83). All patients provided written informed consent. The REC has the assignment to protect the dignity, rights, safety, and well-being of subjects who participate in biomedical research and to offer public accountability through the publication of their decisions. All institutes involved in this research consented to participate,","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"177"}}