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The gut microbiome is the main reservoir of the collection of antimicrobial resistance determinants known as the gut resistome. In PLWH, changes in gut microbiome have been linked to immune activation and HIV-1 associated complications. Specifically, gut dysbiosis defined by low microbial gene richness has been linked to low Nadir CD4\u2009+\u2009T-cell counts. Additionally, sexual preference has been shown to strongly influence gut microbiome composition in PLWH resulting in different <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> enriched enterotypes, in MSM (men-who-have\u2013sex-with-men) or no-MSM, respectively. To date, little is known about gut resistome composition in PLWH due to the scarcity of studies using shotgun metagenomics. The present study aimed to detect associations between different microbiome features linked to HIV-1 infection and gut resistome composition.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using shotgun metagenomics we characterized the gut resistome composition of 129 HIV-1 infected subjects showing different HIV clinical profiles and 27 HIV-1 negative controls from a cross-sectional observational study conducted in Barcelona, Spain. Most no-MSM showed a <jats:italic>Bacteroides-<\/jats:italic>enriched enterotype and low microbial gene richness microbiomes. We did not identify differences in resistome diversity and composition according to HIV-1 infection or immune status. However, gut resistome was more diverse in MSM group, <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>-enriched enterotype and gut micorbiomes with high microbial gene richness compared to no-MSM group, <jats:italic>Bacteroides-<\/jats:italic>enriched enterotype and gut microbiomes with low microbial gene richness. Additionally, gut resistome beta-diversity was different according to the defined groups and we identified a set of differentially abundant antimicrobial resistance determinants based on the established categories.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings reveal a significant correlation between gut resistome composition and various host variables commonly associated with gut microbiome, including microbiome enterotype, microbial gene richness, and sexual preference. These host variables have been previously linked to immune activation and lower Nadir CD4\u2009+\u2009T-Cell counts, which are prognostic factors of HIV-related comorbidities. This study provides new insights into the relationship between antibiotic resistance and clinical characteristics of PLWH.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03335-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T05:02:02Z","timestamp":1717822922000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gut resistome linked to sexual preference and HIV infection"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Rubio Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Casadell\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariona","family":"Parera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Paredes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Noguera-Julian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3335_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51034","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202051034","volume":"21","author":"M Huemer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huemer M, MairpadyShambat S, Brugger SD, Zinkernagel AS. 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Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. The study's concept, design, patient information, and results were deliberated with the HIVACAT Community Advisory Committee (CAC), which provided input on these elements as well as on the presentation and dissemination of study findings.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"201"}}