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However, because of the unknown etiology and incidence of adenomyosis, its pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear; further, because no noninvasive, accurate, and individualized diagnostic methods are available, treatment and efficacy evaluations are limited. Notably, the interaction between the changes in the microecological environment of the female reproductive tract and human immunity, endocrine, and other links leads to the occurrence and development of diseases. In addition, the vaginal microbiome differs in different menstrual cycles; therefore, assessing the differences between the microbiomes of patients with adenomyosis and healthy individuals in different menstrual cycles will improve the understanding of the disease and provide references for the search for noninvasive diagnosis and individualized precision treatment of adenomyosis. This study aimed to explored the data of individuals in different menstrual cycles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Differences in the vaginal microbiome between patients with adenomyosis and healthy individuals were observed. At phylum level, the relative abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the adenomyosis group was higher than that in the control group, which contributed the most to the species difference between the two groups. At the genus level,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most dominant in both groups, Alpha-diversity analysis showed significant differences in the adenomyosis and control group during luteal phase (Shannon index,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0087; Simpson index,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0056). Beta-diversity index was significantly different between the two groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018). However, based on Weighted Unifrac analysis, significant differences were only observed throughout the luteal phase (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>0.0146<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Within the adenomyosis group, differences between women with different menstrual cycles were also observed. Finally, 50 possible biomarkers including were screened and predicted based on the random forest analyse.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The vaginal microbiome of patients with adenomyosis and healthy individuals differed during menstrual periods, especially during the luteal phase. These findings facilitate the search for specific biological markers within a limited range and provide a more accurate, objective, and individualized diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation method for patients with adenomyosis, compared to what is currently available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03339-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T04:01:38Z","timestamp":1722052898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Vaginal microbiome differences between patients with adenomyosis with different menstrual cycles and healthy controls"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zangyu","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianhui","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"3339_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719117691141","volume":"24","author":"CF Yen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yen CF, Huang SJ, Lee CL, et al. 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