{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:52:49Z","timestamp":1790711569745,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> is a growing concern. To investigate the mechanisms behind this resistance, we studied a total of 215 <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolates from hospitals in Bushehr province, Iran, collected between 2017 and 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility test for fluoroquinolones was determined. The presence of plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) and mutations in quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> genes in ciprofloxacin-resistant <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolates were identified by PCR and sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Out of 215 <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolates, 40 were resistant to ciprofloxacin as determined by E-test method. PCR analysis revealed that among these ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, 13 (32.5%), 7 (17.5%), 40 (100%), and 25 (62.5%) isolates harbored <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>oqxA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>aac(6\u2019)-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic> genes, respectively. Mutation analysis of <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> genes showed that 35 (87.5%) and 34 (85%) of the ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates had mutations in these genes, respectively. The most frequent mutations were observed in codon 83 of <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> and codon 80 of <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> gene. Single <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic> substitution, Ser83\u2192 Ile and Asp87\u2192Gly, and double substitutions, Ser83\u2192Phe plus Asp87\u2192Ala, Ser83\u2192Tyr plus Asp87\u2192Ala, Ser83\u2192Ile plus Asp87\u2192Tyr, Ser83\u2192Phe plus Asp87\u2192Asn and Ser83\u2192Ile plus Asp87\u2192Gly were detected. In addition, Ser80\u2192Ile and Glu84\u2192Lys single substitution were found in <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> gene.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results indicated that 90% of isolates have at least one mutation in QRDR of <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>\u00a0or<jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic> genes, thus the frequency of mutations was very significant and alarming in our region.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03383-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T11:01:37Z","timestamp":1721300497000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Investigation of gyrA and parC mutations and the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Sepideh","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Tajbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behrouz","family":"Naeimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9342-4686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Forough","family":"Yousefi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"3383_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104319","volume":"82","author":"L Zeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeng L, Zhang J, Li C, Fu Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, Guo Y, Zhang X. 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In addition, the patients were not available to us. Based on the points mentioned above, the Ethical Committee of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences approved our project with reference number IR.BPUMS.REC.1400.133 and allowed this study to be conducted without informed consent statement.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"265"}}