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It produces an extremely large protein belonging to the RTX (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>epeats in <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>o<jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>in) family, called RtxA, and we previously reported that RtxA is transported by a dedicated type 1 secretion system (T1SS) to the cell surface. RTX proteins have been shown to participate in the virulence or biofilm formation of various bacteria, the most studied models being the pore forming hemolysin A (HlyA) of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and the biofilm associated protein LapA of <jats:italic>P. fluorescens.<\/jats:italic> LapA localization depends on the enzymatic release by LapD\/LapG complex activity. This study aimed to elucidate the dual localization (cell surface associated or released state) of <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> RTX protein (RtxA) and whether this released versus sequestered state of RtxA plays a role in <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic> virulence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The hereby work reveals that, in vitro, LapG periplasmic protease cleaves RtxA N-terminus in the middle of a di-alanine motif (position 108\u2013109). Consistently, a strain lacking LapG protease maintains RtxA on the cell surface, whereas a strain lacking the c-di-GMP receptor LapD does not exhibit cell surface RtxA because of its continuous cleavage and release, as in the LapA-D-G model of <jats:italic>Pseudomonas fluorescens<\/jats:italic>. Interestingly, our data point out a key role of RtxA in enhancing the infection process of amoeba cells, regardless of its location (embedded or released); therefore, this may be the result of a secondary role of this surface protein.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This is the first experimental identification of the cleavage site within the RTX protein family. The primary role of RtxA in <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> is still questionable as in many other bacterial species, hence it sounds reasonable to propose a major function in biofilm formation, promoting cell aggregation when RtxA is embedded in the outer membrane and facilitating biofilm dispersion in case of RtxA release. The role of RtxA in enhancing the infection process may be a result of its action on host cells (i.e., PDI interaction or pore-formation), and independently of its status (embedded or released).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03395-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T03:40:38Z","timestamp":1721360438000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Legionella pneumophila cell surface RtxA release by LapD\/LapG and its role in virulence"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Hussein","family":"Kanaan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annelise","family":"Chapalain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Chokr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Doublet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3395_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2012.11.001","volume":"15","author":"L Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu L, Luo Z-Q. 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The Covalab animal study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the French government (Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Enseignement Sup\u00e9rieur, de la Recherche et de l\u2019Innovation (protocol code APAFIS#22226-2019121210382442 v2 approved on the 20th January 2020).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"266"}}