{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:41:00Z","timestamp":1793814060661,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32070530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32070530"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC0863400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC0863400"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety","award":["2024SKLVPHS06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SKLVPHS06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Migratory birds have been found to carry and spread pathogens, contaminating the environment and causing diseases in humans and other animals. To our knowledge, there hasn\u2019t been any systematic targeted screening for known pathogens in migratory birds. In the current study, customized real time PCR based TaqMan Array Cards (TAC) were used to detect 99 human disease related pathogens and 20 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes in migratory birds at 10 habitat sites in China.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The results showed that 30.5% (107\/351) of migratory birds carried at least one of 14 pathogens. The most prevalent pathogens included <jats:italic>Aeromonas<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> Giardia lamblia<\/jats:italic>, enteropathogenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (EPEC), <jats:italic>Campylobacter jejuni\/coli<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>. Their distribution demonstrated certain host or region specificity. <jats:italic>Anseriformes<\/jats:italic> carried higher rate of pathogens (39.1%, 72\/184) than <jats:italic>Charadriiformes<\/jats:italic> (23.2%, 33\/142, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The overall pathogen detection rate was the highest in Hubei (87.1%, 27\/31), possessing exclusively <jats:italic>Anser<\/jats:italic>. The pathogen quantities were estimated to be 10<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> to 2\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup> gene copies per gram of feces. AMR genes associated with resistance to macrolides, quinolones, tetracyclines, and \u03b2-lactams were widely detected, with overall quantities ranging from 10<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup> to 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> copies of interrogated genes for each drug class per gram of feces.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Using such a multi-target detection and quantification platform, this study evaluated the potential role of migratory birds as reservoirs or vectors for a broad range of pathogens and AMR genes in the environment, indicating their capacity to transmit zoonotic diseases. These might provide evidence for implementation of targeted intervention with a one health approach.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04059-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T03:43:38Z","timestamp":1749181418000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["High throughput screening for human disease associated-pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes in migratory birds at ten habitat sites in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rufei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanrui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianfeng","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guogang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4059_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.07.005","volume":"31","author":"DS Viana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Viana DS, Santamar\u00eda L, Figuerola J. Migratory birds as global dispersal vectors. Trends Ecol Evol. 2016;31:763\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2016.07.005.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"4059_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115273","volume":"309","author":"J Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu J, Xiao H, Lei F, et al. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science. 2005;309:1206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1115273.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4059_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0435-4","volume":"48","author":"MJ Pantin-Jackwood","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Costa-Hurtado M, Bertran K, et al. Infectivity, transmission and pathogenicity of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N8 and H5N2) united States index viruses in Pekin ducks and Chinese geese. Vet Res. 2017;48:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-017-0435-4.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"4059_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.01.006","volume":"10","author":"JF-W Chan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chan JF-W, To KK-W, Chen H, Yuen K-Y. Cross-species transmission and emergence of novel viruses from birds. Curr Opin Virol. 2015;10:63\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.01.006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"4059_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06536","volume":"451","author":"KE Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, et al. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2008;451:990\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature06536.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4059_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101968","volume":"10","author":"S Dreyer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dreyer S, Globig A, Bachmann L, et al. Longitudinal study on Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-E. Coli in Sentinel Mallard ducks in an important Baltic Stop-Over site for migratory ducks in Germany. Microorganisms. 2022;10:1968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10101968.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4059_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176486","volume":"954","author":"J Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang J, Zhou N, Cheng Z, et al. Chromosomally located BlaCMH in Enterobacter cloacae complex across human-bird-environment interfaces: A one-health perspective. Sci Total Environ. 2024;954:176486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.176486.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"4059_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01113-z","volume":"12","author":"ID Olaru","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olaru ID, Walther B, Schaumburg F. Zoonotic sources and the spread of antimicrobial resistance from the perspective of low and middle-income countries. Infect Dis Poverty. 2023;12:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-023-01113-z.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"4059_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01250-x","volume":"10","author":"K Hwengwere","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hwengwere K, Nair HP, Hughes KA, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Antarctica: is it still a pristine environment? Microbiome. 2022;10:71. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-022-01250-x","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"4059_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0781-8","volume":"8","author":"J Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao J, Hu Y, Liu F, et al. Metagenomic analysis reveals the Microbiome and resistome in migratory birds. Microbiome. 2020;8:26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-019-0781-8.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"4059_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2013.61","volume":"14","author":"PD van Helden","year":"2013","unstructured":"van Helden PD, van Helden LS, Hoal EG. One world, one health. EMBO Rep. 2013;14:497\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/embor.2013.61.","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"4059_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14029","volume":"69","author":"Q Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Q, Zhou Z-J, You Z, et al. Epidemiology and evolution of novel deltacoronaviruses in birds in central China. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:632\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14029.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"4059_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14033","volume":"69","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Li Y, Jin S, et al. H9N2 influenza virus spillover into wild birds from poultry in China bind to human-type receptors and transmit in mammals via respiratory droplets. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:669\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14033.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"4059_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e512","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00064-7","volume":"3","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhou H, Cao H, et al. Human-to-human transmission of Chlamydia psittaci in China, 2020: an epidemiological and aetiological investigation. Lancet Microbe. 2022;3:e512\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00064-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"4059_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2023.104423","volume":"118","author":"Y Chu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chu Y, Wang D, Hao W, et al. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, virulence genes and molecular characteristics of Salmonella isolated from ducks and wild geese in China. Food Microbiol. 2024;118:104423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2023.104423.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"4059_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00693","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.693","volume":"8","author":"F Liao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liao F, Gu W, Li D, et al. Characteristics of microbial communities and intestinal pathogenic bacteria for migrated Larus ridibundus in Southwest China. Microbiologyopen. 2019;8:e00693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.693.","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"4059_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Madut DB, Rubach MP, Allan KJ, et al. Epidemiologic and genomic characterization of an outbreak of rift Valley fever among humans and dairy cattle in Northern Tanzania. J Infect Dis Jiae. 2024;562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiae562.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae562"},{"key":"4059_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e522","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00234-2","volume":"24","author":"M Kang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kang M, Wang L-F, Sun B-W, et al. Zoonotic infections by avian influenza virus: changing global epidemiology, investigation, and control. Lancet Infect Dis. 2024;24:e522\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00234-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4059_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.1.1.5","volume":"1","author":"KD Reed","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reed KD, Meece JK, Henkel JS, Shukla SK. Birds, migration and emerging zoonoses: West nile virus, Lyme disease, influenza A and enteropathogens. Clin Med Res. 2003;1:5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3121\/cmr.1.1.5.","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"4059_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-45","volume":"2","author":"GG Sonawane","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sonawane GG, Tripathi BN. Comparison of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with conventional PCR, bacterial culture and ELISA for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis infection in sheep showing pathology of Johne\u2019s disease. Springerplus. 2013;2:45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2193-1801-2-45.","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"4059_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2022.101707","volume":"9","author":"R Lappan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lappan R, Jirapanjawat T, Williamson DA, et al. Simultaneous detection of multiple pathogens with the TaqMan array card. MethodsX. 2022;9:101707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mex.2022.101707.","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"4059_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02658-12","volume":"51","author":"J Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu J, Gratz J, Amour C, et al. A laboratory-developed TaqMan array card for simultaneous detection of 19 enteropathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:472\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02658-12.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4059_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy472","volume":"68","author":"CC Moore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moore CC, Jacob ST, Banura P, et al. Etiology of Sepsis in Uganda using a quantitative polymerase chain Reaction-based TaqMan array card. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:266\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciy472.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4059_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02270-10","volume":"49","author":"M Kodani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kodani M, Yang G, Conklin LM, et al. Application of TaqMan low-density arrays for simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory pathogens. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:2175\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02270-10.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4059_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.11.020","volume":"228","author":"JJ Harvey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harvey JJ, Chester S, Burke SA, et al. Comparative analytical evaluation of the respiratory TaqMan array card with real-time PCR and commercial multi-pathogen assays. J Virol Methods. 2016;228:151\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.11.020.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"4059_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-022-00770-w","volume":"53","author":"CB Vieira","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vieira CB, Ara\u00fajo IT, Ferreira FC, et al. Fast screening of enteropathogens in marine water samples. Braz J Microbiol. 2022;53:1439\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-022-00770-w.","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"4059_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02257-15","volume":"54","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu J, Ochieng C, Wiersma S, et al. Development of a TaqMan array card for Acute-Febrile-Illness outbreak investigation and surveillance of emerging pathogens, including Ebola virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.02257-15.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4059_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31529-X","volume":"388","author":"J Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu J, Platts-Mills JA, Juma J, et al. Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study. Lancet. 2016;388:1291\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31529-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4059_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab289","volume":"73","author":"F Marks","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marks F, Liu J, Soura AB, et al. Pathogens that cause acute febrile illness among children and adolescents in Burkina Faso, Madagascar, and Sudan. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:1338\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciab289.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4059_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0583","volume":"108","author":"SA Brennhofer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brennhofer SA, Rogawski McQuade ET, Zhang J, et al. Effect of biannual Azithromycin to children under 5 years on the carriage of respiratory pathogens among children aged 7\u201311 years. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2023;108:428\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0583.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4059_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216747","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216747","volume":"14","author":"S Pholwat","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pholwat S, Liu J, Taniuchi M, et al. Genotypic antimicrobial resistance assays for use on E. coli isolates and stool specimens. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0216747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216747.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4059_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Spano F, Putignani L, McLauchlin J, et al. PCR-RFLP analysis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene discriminates between C. wrairi and C. parvum, and between C. parvum isolates of human and animal origin. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997;150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-1097(97)00115-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1097(97)00115-8"},{"key":"4059_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088","volume":"88","author":"IM Sulaiman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sulaiman IM, Lal AA, Xiao L. Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary relationships of Cryptosporidium parasites at the actin locus. J Parasitol. 2002;88:388\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0388:MPAERO]2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"4059_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s13127-021-00507-x","volume":"21","author":"AA de Melo","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Melo AA, Nunes R, Telles MPD. Same information, new applications: revisiting primers for the avian COI gene and improving DNA barcoding identification. Org Divers Evol. 2021;21:599\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13127-021-00507-x","journal-title":"Org Divers Evol"},{"key":"4059_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Staggs SE, Beckman EM, Keely, SP, et al. The applicability of TaqMan-Based quantitative Real-Time PCR assays for detecting and enumerating Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in the environment. PLoS ONE. 201 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0066562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066562"},{"key":"4059_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3967\/bes2021.068","volume":"34","author":"SK Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao SK, Jiang YY, Yuan ZY, et al. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and giardia in public drinking water in China. Biomed Environ Sci. 2021;34:493\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3967\/bes2021.068.","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"key":"4059_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00055-07","volume":"21","author":"R Janssen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Janssen R, Krogfelt KA, Cawthraw SA, et al. Host-pathogen interactions in Campylobacter infections: the host perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008;21:505\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00055-07.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4059_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.17186","volume":"17","author":"WA Abd El-Ghany","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abd El-Ghany WA. A review on aeromoniasis in poultry: A bacterial disease of zoonotic nature. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2023;17:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.17186.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"4059_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.65352-0","volume":"58","author":"AJ Mart\u00ednez-Murcia","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Murcia AJ, Saavedra MJ, Mota VR, et al. Aeromonas aquariorum Sp. nov., isolated from Aquaria of ornamental fish. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2008;58:1169\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.65352-0.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"4059_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Govender R, Amoah ID, Adegoke A A, et al. Identification, antibiotic resistance, and virulence profiling of Aeromonas and Pseudomonas species from wastewater and surface water. Environ Monit Assess https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-021-09046-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09046-6"},{"key":"4059_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.21307\/pjm-2018-020","volume":"67","author":"UD BHOWMICK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhowmick UD, Bhattacharjee S. Bacteriological, clinical and virulence aspects of Aeromonas-associated diseases in humans. Pol J Microbiol. 2018;67:137\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21307\/pjm-2018-020.","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"key":"4059_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000173","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000173","volume":"4","author":"M Halpern","year":"2008","unstructured":"Halpern M, Senderovich Y, Izhaki I. Waterfowl: the missing link in epidemic and pandemic cholera dissemination? PLoS Pathog. 2008;4:e1000173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000173.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"4059_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11010007","volume":"11","author":"B Liang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liang B, Ji X, Jiang B, et al. Virulence, antibiotic resistance, and phylogenetic relationships of Aeromonas spp. Carried by migratory birds in China. Microorganisms. 2022;11:7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11010007.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4059_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.02.002","volume":"124","author":"U Ryan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ryan U. Cryptosporidium in birds, fish and amphibians. Exp Parasitol. 2010;124:113\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2009.02.002.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"4059_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, et al. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the global enteric multicenter study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet. 2013;382:209\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4059_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1","volume":"17","author":"GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators. Estimates of global, regional, and National morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:909\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4059_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.004","volume":"126","author":"R Fayer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fayer R. Cryptosporidium: a water-borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol. 2004;126:37\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.004.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4059_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008146","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008146","volume":"14","author":"A Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu A, Gong B, Liu X, et al. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of human Cryptosporidium infection in China during the past three decades (1987\u20132018). PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14:e0008146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008146.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"4059_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2010.518314","volume":"39","author":"R Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang R, Jian F, Sun Y, et al. Large-scale survey of Cryptosporidium spp. In chickens and Pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) In Henan, China: prevalence and molecular characterization. Avian Pathol. 2010;39:447\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03079457.2010.518314.","journal-title":"Avian Pathol"},{"key":"4059_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang K, Gazizova A, Wang Y, et al. First detection of Cryptosporidium spp. In migratory whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) In China. Microorganisms. 2019;8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8010006","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8010006"},{"key":"4059_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06993-w","volume":"120","author":"Y Jian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jian Y, Zhang X, Li X, et al. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and giardia in wild birds from Qinghai lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, China. Parasitol Res. 2021;120:615\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06993-w.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4059_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.02.005","volume":"134","author":"A Zahedi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zahedi A, Monis P, Gofton AW, et al. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in animals inhabiting drinking water catchments in three States across Australia. Water Res. 2018;134:327\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2018.02.005","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"4059_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-12","volume":"26","author":"M Bouzid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouzid M, Hunter PR, Chalmers RM, Tyler KM. Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2013;26:115\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00076-12.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4059_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2003.08.003","volume":"3","author":"PT Monis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Monis PT, Thompson RCA. Cryptosporidium and Giardia-zoonoses: fact or fiction? Infection. Genet Evol. 2003;3:233\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2003.08.003.","journal-title":"Genet Evol"},{"key":"4059_CR55","first-page":"34","volume":"66","author":"H Kassa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kassa H, Harrington BJ, Bisesi MS. Cryptosporidiosis: a brief literature review and update regarding Cryptosporidium in feces of Canada geese (Branta canadensis). J Environ Health. 2004;66:34\u201340.","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"key":"4059_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12030487","volume":"12","author":"P Solarczyk","year":"2023","unstructured":"Solarczyk P, Wojtkowiak-Giera A, Heddergott M. Migrating Anatidae as sources of environmental contamination with zoonotic Giardia, Cryptosporidium, cyclospora and microsporidia. Pathogens. 2023;12:487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12030487.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"4059_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacqueline C, Soto SR, Herrera-Leon S. (2024) Non-toxigenic cases of Vibrio cholerae in Spain from 2012 to 2022. Microbial genomics 10:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.001315","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001315"},{"key":"4059_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00048","volume":"3","author":"G Hasle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasle G. Transport of Ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens by migratory birds. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2013;3:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00048.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4059_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michelet L, Joncour G, Devillers E, et al. Tick species, tick-borne pathogens and symbionts in an insular environment off the Coast of Western France. Ticks tick-borne Dis. 2016;7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.08.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.08.014"},{"key":"4059_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.07.001","volume":"5","author":"E Lommano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lommano E, Dvo\u0159\u00e1k C, Vallotton L, et al. Tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from breeding and migratory birds in Switzerland. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2014;5:871\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.07.001.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4059_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw235","volume":"54","author":"CM Parker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parker CM, Miller JR, Allan BF. Avian and habitat characteristics influence tick infestation among birds in Illinois. J Med Entomol. 2017;54:550\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jme\/tjw235.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"4059_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu S, Jia R, Wang Y, et al. Prevalence, diversity, and virulence of Campylobacter carried by migratory birds at four major habitats in China. Pathogens (Basel Switzerland). 2024;13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13030230","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030230"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04059-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04059-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04059-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T03:43:41Z","timestamp":1749181421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04059-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04059-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Medical College of Qingdao University (QDU-AEC-2024388).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"355"}}