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Additionally, bacterial loads in gastric tissue were quantified using culture-based colony-forming unit (CFU) analysis and expressed as log\u2081\u2080 CFU\/g. The study also evaluated the effectiveness of combinations of these components in the rat gastritis model through microbiological and histopathological analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The postbiotics of\n                      <jats:italic>S. thermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                      have shown a significant reduction in the expression level of NF-\u03baB when compared to the control group. The\n                      <jats:italic>S. thermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      plus\n                      <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment group showed a 10-fold decrease in NF-\u03baB expression, while the\n                      <jats:italic>G. acid<\/jats:italic>\n                      plus\n                      <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment group showed a 5-fold decrease. TNF-\u03b1 expression levels were also lower in the\n                      <jats:italic>S. thermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment groups with 10-fold and 5-fold reductions, respectively. The expression of IL-1\u03b2 was significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to the control group, with a 10-fold decrease in expression. The\n                      <jats:italic>S. thermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      plus\n                      <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment group exhibited a 10-fold reduction in IL-6 release, a proinflammatory cytokine. Similarly, the expression of IL-8 was reduced by 10-fold and 2-fold in the\n                      <jats:italic>S. thermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                      treatment groups, respectively. Additionally, bacterial loads in gastric tissue were quantified using culture-based colony-forming unit (CFU) analysis and expressed as log\u2081\u2080 CFU\/g. The mean bacterial load in the infected control group was 6.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18 log\u2081\u2080 CFU\/g, while the quaternary treatment group (\n                      <jats:italic>S. thermophilus<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009+\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>L. casei<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009+\u2009\n                      <jats:italic>G. acid<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009+\u2009antibiotic) achieved complete eradication with no detectable colonies (0.00\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00 log\u2081\u2080 CFU\/g). Ternary and binary treatment groups exhibited intermediate bacterial loads, ranging from approximately 1.63\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09 to 3.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17 log\u2081\u2080 CFU\/g, indicating partial efficacy compared to the control group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These promising findings can pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for treating\n                      <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      -associated gastritis. The combination of molecular (gene expression) and microbiological (CFU) data demonstrates the multi-dimensional efficacy of postbiotics and glycyrrhetinic acid as potential adjunctive agents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04191-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T11:17:48Z","timestamp":1765624668000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The effects of postbiotics and glycyrrhetinic acid on immune response and inflammation-related genes during H. pylori eradication therapy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Erhan","family":"Tek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2766-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nizami","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elif Yaprak","family":"Colak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulay Gulbol","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuncer","family":"Kutlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamdullah Suphi","family":"Bayraktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibel","family":"Dagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4191_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15751","volume":"37","author":"S Ren","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ren S, Cai P, Liu Y, Wang T, Zhang Y, Li Q, Gu Y, Wei L, Yan C, Jin G. 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