{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T05:19:20Z","timestamp":1785907160708,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024856","name":"Agricultural Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The production of striped catfish <jats:italic>(Pangasianodon hypothalamus)<\/jats:italic> has increased worldwide; recently, it was farmed with Nile tilapia in polyculture farms. Polyculture systems and water temperature (25\u2103 and 33\u2103) could affect <jats:italic>Edwardsiella tarda<\/jats:italic> infection, antibiotic efficacy, and residues. Moribund fishes were collected from three Farms 1\u20133: Farm 1 (monoculture, Nile tilapia), Farm 2 (monoculture, striped catfish), and Farm 3 (polyculture). Four <jats:italic>E. tarda<\/jats:italic>, LAMSH1, and LAMAH2-4 were isolated, whereas LAMAH3 was isolated from both fish spp., where striped catfish were highly susceptible to infection. The obtained <jats:italic>E. tarda<\/jats:italic>, which was isolated from striped catfish, has a significantly lower LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> than those retrieved from Nile tilapia, and co-infection occurred only in striped catfish on Farm 3. The infection was screened and confirmed by <jats:italic>gyrB1<\/jats:italic> gene presence while detecting the <jats:italic>cds1<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> pvsA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>qseC<\/jats:italic> genes indicated virulence. All isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and florfenicol but showed resistance to a high number of other antibiotics, resulting in high multi-drug resistant (MDR) indices exceeding 0.2, except for strain LAMAH4, which had an index of 0.18.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>Analyses of farms water revealed high ammonia compounds total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), unionized ammonia (NH<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), nitrite (NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and nitrate (NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>) in Farm 2 (monoculture, striped catfish), and the recorded significantly higher concentrations were 2.75, 0.29, 0.24, and 2.01\u00a0mg\/L, respectively, which were compared with Farm 1 and Farm 3. In the indoor experiment, at high water temperatures (33\u00a0\u00b0C), Nile tilapia and striped catfish had a high mortality rate and re-isolation of <jats:italic>E. tarda<\/jats:italic> (10\u201320%) compared to those exposed to low water temperatures (25\u00a0\u00b0C). These observations were concurrent with low antibiotic residues in their hepatic tissues. Despite water temperature, Nile tilapia showed higher ciprofloxacin residues than striped catfish.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>The study concluded that striped catfish are more susceptible to the bacteria <jats:italic>E. tarda<\/jats:italic> compared to Nile tilapia, particularly in polyculture farms, which resulted in a higher infection rate. Both Nile tilapia and striped catfish exposed to elevated water temperatures exhibited increased vulnerability to bacterial infections. Additionally, these fish showed a high re-isolation rate of <jats:italic>E. tarda<\/jats:italic> while having low ciprofloxacin residues in their hepatic tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04232-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T02:17:44Z","timestamp":1757038664000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Presence of virulent Edwardsiella tarda in farmed nile tilapia and striped catfish"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lamiaa A.","family":"Okasha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enas A. H.","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasha M. H.","family":"Sayed-ElAhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed H.","family":"Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4232_CR1","unstructured":"FAO, food and drug organization. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2020, sustainability in action. 2020."},{"key":"4232_CR2","unstructured":"FAO, food and drug organization. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022. Towards Blue Transformation, FAO. 2022. https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/9df19f53-b931-4d04-acd3-58a71c6b1a5b\/content\/cc0461en.html."},{"key":"4232_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739952","volume":"577","author":"CM Rossignoli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rossignoli CM, Manyise T, Shikuku KM, Nasr-Allah AM, Dompreh EB, Henriksson PJG, et al. Tilapia aquaculture systems in egypt: characteristics, sustainability outcomes and entry points for sustainable aquatic food systems. Aquaculture. 2023;577:739952.","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"4232_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111358","volume":"200","author":"NA Shaaban","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shaaban NA, Tawfik S, El-Tarras W, El-Sayed Ali T. Potential health risk assessment of some bioaccumulated metals in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in Kafr El-Shaikh farms. Egypt Environ Res. 2021;200:111358.","journal-title":"Egypt Environ Res"},{"key":"4232_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12038","volume":"19","author":"XJ Chai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chai XJ, Ji WX, Han H, Dai YX, Wang Y. Growth, feed utilization, body composition and swimming performance of giant croaker, Nibea japonica Temminck and Schlegel, fed at different dietary protein and lipid levels. Aquac Nutr. 2013;19:928\u201335.","journal-title":"Aquac Nutr."},{"key":"4232_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.010","volume":"52","author":"L Santos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santos L, Ramos F. Antimicrobial resistance in aquaculture: current knowledge and alternatives to tackle the problem. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018;52:135\u201343.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"2","key":"4232_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.21608\/scvmj.2015.64562","volume":"20","author":"M Enany","year":"2015","unstructured":"Enany M, Al-Gammal A, Hanora A, Shagar G, El Shaffy N. Sidr honey inhibitory effect on virulence genes of MRSA strains from animal and human origin. Suez Canal Veterinary Med J SCVMJ. 2015;20(2):23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/scvmj.2015.64562.","journal-title":"Suez Canal Veterinary Med J SCVMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4232_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-67","volume":"43","author":"SB Park","year":"2012","unstructured":"Park SB, Aoki T, Jung TS. Pathogenesis of and strategies for preventing Edwardsiella tarda infection in fish. Vet Res. 2012;43(1):67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1297-9716-43-67.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4232_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12080","volume":"114","author":"T Abayneh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Abayneh T, Colquhoun DJ, S\u00f8rum H. Edwardsiella piscicida sp. nov., a novel species pathogenic to fish. J Appl Microbiol. 2013;114(3):644\u201354.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4232_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02566-14","volume":"83","author":"HX Xie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xie HX, Lu JF, Zhou Y, Yi J, Yu XJ, Leung KY, Nie P. Identification and functional characterization of the novel Edwardsiella tarda effector Ese. J Infect Immun. 2015;83(4):1650\u201360.","journal-title":"J Infect Immun"},{"key":"4232_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-6214-5","volume":"99","author":"W Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang W, Wang L, Zhang L, Qu J, Wang Q, Zhang Y. An invasive and low virulent Edwardsiella tarda esrB mutant promising as live attenuated vaccine in aquaculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;99:1765\u201377.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4232_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05020.x","volume":"111","author":"JW Tinsley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tinsley JW, Lyndon AR, Austin B. Antigenic and cross-protection studies of biotype 1 and biotype 2 isolates of Yersinia ruckeri in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J Appl Microbiol. 2011;111(1):8\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2011.05020.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"4232_CR13","first-page":"719","volume":"14","author":"TJ Abraham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abraham TJ, Ritu R. Effects of dietary supplementation of Garlic extract on the resistance of Clarias gariepinus against Edwardsiella tarda infection. Iran J Fish Sci. 2015;14:719\u201333.","journal-title":"Iran J Fish Sci"},{"key":"4232_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.04.033","volume":"462","author":"H Adikesavalu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adikesavalu H, Paul P, Priyadarsani L, Banerjee S, Joardar SN, Abraham TJ. Edwardsiella tarda induces dynamic changes in immune effector activities and endocrine network of Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton, 1822). Aquaculture. 2016;462:24\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.04.033.","journal-title":"Aquaculture."},{"issue":"2","key":"4232_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/08997659.2012.675931","volume":"24","author":"E Soto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Soto E, Griffin M, Arauz M, Riofrio A, Martinez A, Cabrejos ME. Edwardsiella ictaluri as the causative agent of mortality in cultured nile tilapia. J Aquat Anim Health. 2012;24(2):81\u201390.","journal-title":"J Aquat Anim Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4232_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.54319\/jjbs\/150211","volume":"15","author":"AH Sherif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sherif AH, AbuLeila RH. Prevalence of some pathogenic bacteria in caged- nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) and their possible treatment. Jord J Biol Sci. 2022;15(2):239\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54319\/jjbs\/150211.","journal-title":"Jord J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4232_CR17","first-page":"173","volume":"1","author":"MM Fatma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fatma MM. Lernaeosis affecting hatchery reared common carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fries and a novel approach for its treatment. G J Fish Aquac Res. 2014;1(2):173\u201389.","journal-title":"G J Fish Aquac Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4232_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2022.257145","volume":"26","author":"MM Attia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Attia MM, Hanna MI, Ramadan RM. Evaluation of the immunological status of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) infested with Lernaea cyprinacea. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 2022;26(4):1305\u201318.","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"4232_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7090363","volume":"7","author":"JM Bello-L\u00b4 opez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bello-L\u00b4 opez JM, Cabrero-Mart\u00ednez OA, Ib\u00b4a\u02dc nez-Cervantes G, Hern\u00b4andez-Cortez C, Pelcastre-Rodr\u00edguez LI, Gonzalez-Avila LU, Castro-Escarpulli G. Horizontal gene transfer and its association with antibiotic resistance in the genus Aeromonas spp. Microorganisms. 2019;7:363.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4232_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2020.1777815","volume":"51","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Yang QE, Zhou X, Wang FH, Muurinen J, Virta MP, et al. Antibiotic resistome in the livestock and aquaculture industries: status and solutions. Crit Rev En Viron Sci Technol. 2020;51:2159\u201396.","journal-title":"Crit Rev En Viron Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4232_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.21608\/EJABF.2021.164686","volume":"25","author":"AH Sherif","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sherif AH, Elshenawy AM, Attia AA, Salama SAA. Effect of aflatoxin B1 on farmed Cyprinus carpio in conjunction with bacterial infection. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 2021;25(2):465\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJABF.2021.164686.","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"4232_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3736","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15877","volume":"53","author":"AH Sherif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sherif AH, Khalil RH, Tanekhy M, Sabry NM, Harfoush MA, Elnagar MA. Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorates the immunological impacts of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (rutile) in Oreochromis niloticus. Aquac Res. 2022;53:3736\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/are.15877.","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4232_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65507-1","volume":"14","author":"AH Sherif","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sherif AH, Khalil RH, Talaat TS, Baromh MZ, Elnagar MA. Dietary nanocomposite of vitamin C and vitamin E enhanced the performance of nile tilapia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):15648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-65507-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4232_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-024-04131-7","volume":"20","author":"LA Okasha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okasha LA, Abdellatif JI, Abd-Elmegeed OH, Sherif AH. Overview on the role of dietary Spirulina platensis on immune responses against edwardsiellosis among Oreochromis niloticus fish farms. BMC Vet Res. 2024;20(1):290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-024-04131-7.","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"4232_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-84782001000300023","volume":"31","author":"CDL Boijink","year":"2001","unstructured":"Boijink CDL, Brand\u00e3o DA, Vargas ACD, Costa MMD, Renosto AV. Inocula\u00e7\u00e3o de Suspens\u00e3o Bacteriana de Plesiomonas shigelloides Em jundi\u00e1, Rhamdia quelen (teleostei: pimelodidae). Ci\u00eanc Rural. 2001;31:497\u2013501.","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc Rural"},{"issue":"1","key":"4232_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2023.287741","volume":"27","author":"EA Eldessouki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Eldessouki EA, Salama SSA, Mohamed R, Sherif AH. Using nutraceutical to alleviate transportation stress in the Nile tilapia. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 2023;27(1):413\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejabf.2023.287741.","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish."},{"key":"4232_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sherif AH, Eldessouki EA, Sabry NM, Ali NG. The protective role of iodine and MS-222 against stress response and bacterial infections during nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) transportation. Aquac Int. 2023;401\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-022-00984-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-022-00984-7"},{"key":"4232_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780642079.0000","volume-title":"Diseases and disorders of finfish in cage culture","author":"P Woo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Woo P, Bruno D. Diseases and disorders of finfish in cage culture. 2nd ed. Oxon: CABI Pub; 2014. pp. 159\u201360.","edition":"2"},{"key":"4232_CR29","unstructured":"Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST. Bergey\u2019s manual of determinative bacteriology, Aeromonas. 9th ed. Wiley; 1994;150."},{"issue":"1","key":"4232_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.09.004","volume":"41","author":"N Buj\u00e1n","year":"2018","unstructured":"Buj\u00e1n N, Mohammed H, Balboa S, Romalde JL, Toranzo AE, Arias CR, Magari\u00f1os B. Genetic studies to re-affiliate Edwardsiella tarda fish isolates to Edwardsiella piscicida and Edwardsiella anguillarum species. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2018;41(1):30\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.syapm.09.004.","journal-title":"Syst Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"4232_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851997384.0000","volume-title":"Bacteria from fish and other aquatic animals: a practical identification manual","author":"NB Buller","year":"2004","unstructured":"Buller NB. Bacteria from fish and other aquatic animals: a practical identification manual. Cambridge: CABI Publishing; 2004."},{"key":"4232_CR32","first-page":"95","volume":"41","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall TA. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95\/98\/N.T. Nuclic acids. Symp Ser. 1999;41:95\u20138.","journal-title":"Symp Ser"},{"issue":"6","key":"4232_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","volume":"35","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Mol Biol Evol. 2018;35(6):1547\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"4232_CR34","unstructured":"CLSI, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Wayne, Pa, USA: Twentieth Informational Supplement M100-S20, CLSI; 2010."},{"issue":"1","key":"4232_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170","volume":"46","author":"PH Krumperman","year":"1983","unstructured":"Krumperman PH. Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983;46(1):165\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4232_CR36","first-page":"493","volume":"27","author":"LJ Reed","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reed LJ, Muench H. Simple method of estimating 50% endpoint. Am J Hyg. 1938;27:493\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"key":"4232_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noga EJ. Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd Ed. Wiley-Blackwell. 2010;17:347\u2013420.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118786758"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"4232_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.10.030","volume":"254","author":"W Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu W, Zhu X, Wang X, Deng L, Zhang G. Residues of enrofloxacin, furazolidone and their metabolites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture. 2006;254(1\u20134):1\u20138.","journal-title":"Aquaculture."},{"issue":"1","key":"4232_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2018.1540070","volume":"38","author":"Y Miniero Davies","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miniero Davies Y, Oliveira MG, Cunha M, Franco L, Santos SL,Moreno L, Saidenberg A. Edwardsiella tarda outbreak affecting fishes and aquatic birds in Brazil. Vet. Q. 2018: 38(1): 99\u2013105","journal-title":"Vet Q."},{"issue":"2","key":"4232_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb09476.x","volume":"194","author":"SHM Ling","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ling SHM, Wang XH, Lim TM, Leung KY. Green fluorescent protein -tagged Edwardsiella tarda reveals portal of entry in fish. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2001; 194(2): 239\u2013243. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb09476.x.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"4232_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2012.19.26","volume":"15","author":"AK Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh AK, Lakra WS. Culture of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus into india: impacts and present scenario. Pak J Biol Sci. 2012;15(1):19.","journal-title":"Pak J Biol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4232_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12039","volume":"37","author":"M Shetty","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shetty M, Maiti B, Venugopal MN, Karunasagar I. First isolation and characterization of Edwardsiella tarda from diseased striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage). J Fish Dis. 2014;37(3):265\u201371.","journal-title":"J Fish Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4232_CR43","first-page":"1331","volume":"32","author":"BR Mohanty","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mohanty BR, Sahoo PK. Edwardsiellosis in fish: a brief review. J Bio Sci. 2007;32(3):1331\u201344.","journal-title":"J Bio Sci"},{"key":"4232_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Austin B, Austin DA. Miscellaneous pathogens. InBacterial Fish Pathogens. Springer Netherlands; 2012. pp. 413\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-4884-212.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-4884-212"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"4232_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1108\/17410391311289596","volume":"26","author":"CR Verjan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Verjan CR, Augusto V, Xie X, Buthion V. Economic comparison between hospital at home and traditional hospitalization using a simulation-based approach. J Enterp Inf Manag. 2013;26(1\/2):135\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17410391311289596.","journal-title":"J Enterp Inf Manag"},{"key":"4232_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2020.100371","volume":"17","author":"F Hoque","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hoque F, Pawar N, Pitale P, Dutta R, Sawant B, Chaudhari A, Sundaray JK. Pathogenesis and expression profile of selected immune genes to experimental Edwardsiella tarda infection in iridescent shark Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Aquac Rep. 2020;17:100371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aqrep.2020.100371.","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"},{"key":"4232_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119934","volume":"311","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang M, Hou L, Zhu Y, Zhang C, Li W, Lai X, Yang J, Li S, Shu H. Composition and distribution of bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in fish of four mariculture systems. Environmen Pollut. 2022;311:119934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119934.","journal-title":"Environmen Pollut"},{"key":"4232_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.10.096","volume":"168","author":"L Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang L, Xu YB, Xu JX, Ling JY, Chen JL, Zhou JL, Zheng L, Du QP. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Duck and fish production ponds with integrated or non-integrated mode. Chemosphere. 2017;168:1107\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.10.096.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"4232_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.06.085","volume":"234","author":"K Yuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yuan K, Wang X, Chen X, Zhao Z, Fang L, Chen B, Jiang J, Luan T, Chen B. Occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in extracellular and intracellular DNA from sediments collected from two types of aquaculture farms. Chemosphere. 2019;234:520\u20137.","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"4232_CR50","first-page":"313","volume":"96","author":"M Rahman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rahman M, Huys G, K\u00fchn I, Rahman M, M\u00f6llby R. Prevalence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance among Aeromonas populations from a duckweed aquaculture based hospital sewage water recycling system in bangladesh. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. Int J Gen Mol Microbiol. 2009;96:313\u201321.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"4232_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.1111\/are.13221","volume":"48","author":"X Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng X, Tang J, Zhang C, Qin J, Wang Y. Bacterial composition, abundance and diversity in fish polyculture and mussel\u2013fish integrated cultured ponds in China. Aquac Res. 2017;48:3950\u201361.","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"4232_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02264.x","volume":"40","author":"Y Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang WL, Qin JG, Wang XD, Zhu SB. Effects of integrated combination and quicklime supplementation on growth and Pearl yield of freshwater Pearl mussel, Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea, 1852). Aquac Res. 2009;40:1634\u201341.","journal-title":"Aquac Res"},{"key":"4232_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.05.028","volume":"448","author":"JY Tang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tang JY, Dai YX, Wang Y, Qin JG, Li YM. Improvement of fish and Pearl yields and nutrient utilization efficiency through fish-mussel integration and feed supplementation. Aquaculture. 2015;448:321\u20136.","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"4232_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116647","volume":"10","author":"T Ohsumi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ohsumi T, Takenaka S, Wakamatsu R, Sakaue Y, Narisawa N, Senpuku H, Okiji T. Residual structure of Streptococcus mutans biofilm following complete disinfection favors secondary bacterial adhesion and biofilm re-development. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0116647. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0116647.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4232_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07992-3","volume":"10","author":"A Karkman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Karkman A, P\u00e4rn\u00e4nen K, Larsson DGJ. Fecal pollution can explain antibiotic resistance gene abundances in anthropogenically impacted environments. Nat Commun. 2019;10:80.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4232_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125718","volume":"416","author":"T Thongsamer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thongsamer T, Neamchan R, Blackburn A, Acharya K, Sutheeworapong S, Tirachulee B, et al. Environmental antimicrobial resistance is associated with faecal pollution in central thailand\u2019s coastal aquaculture region. J Hazard Mater. 2021;416:125718.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"2","key":"4232_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1111\/RAQ.12513","volume":"13","author":"S Infante-Villamil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Infante-Villamil S, Huerlimann R, Jerry DR. Microbiome diversity and dysbiosis in aquaculture. Rev Aquac. 2021;13(2):1077\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/RAQ.12513.","journal-title":"Rev Aquac"},{"issue":"3","key":"4232_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/S00248-017-0967-1","volume":"74","author":"T Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li T, Li H, Gatesoupe FJ, She R, Lin Q, Yan X, Li J, Li X. Bacterial signatures of red-operculum disease in the gut of crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Microb Ecol. 2017;74(3):510\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00248-017-0967-1.","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4232_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1577\/H06-038.1","volume":"19","author":"RE Kosoff","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kosoff RE, Chen CY, Wooster GA, Getchell RG, Clifford A, Craigmill AL, Bowser PR. Sulfadimethoxine and Ormetoprim residues in three species of fish after oral dosing in feed. J Aquat Anim Health. 2007;19(2):109\u201315.","journal-title":"J Aquat Anim Health"},{"key":"4232_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03546715","volume":"24","author":"R Salte","year":"1983","unstructured":"Salte R, Liestol K. Drug withdrawal from farmed fish. Depletion of oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine, and Trimethoprim from muscular tissue of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Acta Vet Scand. 1983;24:418\u201330.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"4232_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1007\/s002449900501","volume":"37","author":"A Al-Ahmad","year":"1999","unstructured":"Al-Ahmad A, Daschner FD, Kummerer K. Biodegradability of cefotiam, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, penicillin G, and sulfamethoxazole and Inhibition of waste water bacteria. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1999;37:158\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002449900501.","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"4232_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7303","DOI":"10.1021\/jf2013937","volume":"59","author":"C Tong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tong C, Zhuo X, Guo Y. Occurrence and risk assessment of four typicalfluoroquinolone antibiotics in Raw and treated sewage and in receiving waters in Hangzhou. China J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59:7303\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/jf2013937.","journal-title":"China J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"4232_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.11.094","volume":"245","author":"LR Guidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guidi LR, Santos FA, Ribeiro ACSR, Fernandes C, Silva LHM, Gloria MBA. Quinolones and tetracyclines in aquaculture fish by a simple and rapid LC-MS\/MS method. Food Chem. 2018;245:1232\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.11.094.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"4232_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104359","volume":"106","author":"OK Kum","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kum OK, Chan KM, Morningstar-Kywi N, MacKay JA, Haworth IS. Pharmacokinetic model of human exposure to Ciprofloxacin through consumption of fish. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2024;106:104359.","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04232-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04232-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04232-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T02:17:50Z","timestamp":1757038670000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04232-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04232-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The above described methodology was approved by the Ethics Committee at the Animal Health Research Institute and European Union directive 2010\/63UE, and all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This study is reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines (). This paper does not contain any studies with human participants by any of the authors. No specific permissions were required for access to the artificial pond in wet laboratory Animal Health Research Institute, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt. The field studies did not involve endangered or protected species.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"572"}}