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In addition, studying the phylogenetic type and screening for beta-lactamase-producing and diarrhoeagenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method using 11 antibiotics. Conventional PCR was performed for the detection of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> that produces beta-lactamase, as well as for the phylogenetic typing of isolates and to detect diarrheagenic strains.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>From 120 wastewater samples, 92 <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains were recovered and among them 66.3% were resistant. The highest resistance of isolates was observed in ampicillin\/sulbactam with a moderately high rate of 37%, while the lowest resistance was reported in gentamycin at a low rate of 3.3%. Hospital wastewater isolates (HW) (75%) were more resistant than community wastewater isolates (CW) (50%). A high rate of resistance was reported in tetracycline (46.9%) among the hospital wastewater isolates, while a moderate rate of resistance was detected among community wastewater isolates to aztreonam (22.2%), making them the least effective antibiotics in these groups. More resistant isolates were found in WWTP influent (83.3%) than in effluent (44.4%). However, effluent isolates showed higher resistance to certain antibiotics, including cefepime (11.1% vs. 8.3%), piperacillin\/tazobactam (11.1% vs. 4.2%), and imipenem (5.6% vs. 4.2%), than the influent. <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains that showed MDR phenotype were 42.6% of resistant strains, with higher prevalence among HW (50%) and WWTPs influent (45%) than WWTPs effluent (37.5%) and CW (22.2%). Although resistance to Access antibiotics was the highest across all sources, it was comparable to the resistance observed for Watch antibiotics. At least one of the tested beta-lactamase genes was detected in 67.39% of beta-lactam-resistant <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> strains, with <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>TEM<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub> (62.1%) and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>\n                <jats:italic>OXA\u221248<\/jats:italic>\n              <\/jats:sub> (24.1%) being the highest prevalent among ESBLs and carbapenemase genes, respectively. About 83.69% of strains were commensal, while only 16.26% were pathogenic, in the form of enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>; diarrheagenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was detected in 4.26% of strains.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Even though resistance was less in community wastewater than hospital wastewater, community outlets might be a source of spreading resistance. Furthermore, wastewater treatment might not be enough to eliminate resistant bacteria from the effluent; as a result, the effluent quality should be continuously monitored and evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04244-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T02:28:07Z","timestamp":1754965687000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Multidrug-resistant E. 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