{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T23:51:12Z","timestamp":1785282672915,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04391-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:15:21Z","timestamp":1760069721000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fluconazole-resistant vulvovaginal candidiasis in reproductive-age women: a study from Himalayan country"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Deepshikha","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purnima","family":"Baidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prabhakar R.","family":"Panday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pritee","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kul R.","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasha","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manita","family":"Aryal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4391_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27239","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Liu Z, Chen T. Vaginal microbiota: potential targets for vulvovaginal candidiasis infection. Heliyon. 2024;10(5):e27239\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27239.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"7","key":"4391_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9703754","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9703754","volume":"2018","author":"X Zeng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeng X, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Xue Y, Xu H, An R. Risk factors of vulvovaginal candidiasis among women of reproductive age in xi\u2019an: A cross-sectional study. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018(7):9703754\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/9703754.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"4391_CR3","unstructured":"Jeanmonod R, Chippa V, Jeanmonod D. Vaginal candidiasis. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies: StatPearls publishing copyright \u00a9 2025. StatPearls Publishing LLC; 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-06844-x","volume":"24","author":"I Hussen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hussen I, Aliyo A, Abbai MK, Dedecha W. Vaginal candidiasis prevalence, associated factors, and antifungal susceptibility patterns among pregnant women attending antenatal care at bule hora university teaching hospital, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2024;24(1):619\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-024-06844-x.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"4391_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa060","volume":"45","author":"C d\u2019Enfert","year":"2021","unstructured":"d\u2019Enfert C, Kaune AK, Alaban LR, Chakraborty S, Cole N, Delavy M, et al. The impact of the fungus-host-microbiota interplay upon Candida albicans infections: current knowledge and new perspectives. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2021;45(3):1\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa060.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"4391_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0316-2","volume":"26","author":"G Dimopoulos","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dimopoulos G, Karabinis A, Samonis G, Falagas ME. Candidemia in immunocompromised and immunocompetent critically ill patients: A prospective comparative study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26(6):377\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10096-007-0316-2.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"17","key":"4391_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2014.08.001","volume":"36","author":"SR Lockhart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lockhart SR. Current epidemiology of Candida infection. Clin Microbiol Newsl. 2014;36(17):131\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2014.08.001.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Newsl"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3512-z","volume":"18","author":"L Awad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Awad L, Tamim H, Abdallah D, Salameh M, Mugharbil A, Jisr T, et al. Correlation between antifungal consumption and the distribution of Candida spp. In different hospital departments of a Lebanese medical centre. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):589\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-018-3512-z.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61813-w","volume":"14","author":"AM Dawoud","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dawoud AM, Saied SA, Torayah MM, Ramadan AE, Elaskary SA. Antifungal susceptibility and virulence determinants profile of Candida spp. Isolated from patients with candidemia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):11597\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-61813-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"4391_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae040","volume":"62","author":"C Keighley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keighley C, Kim HY, Kidd S, Chen SC-A, Alastruey A, Dao A, et al. Candida tropicalis: A systematic review to inform the world health organization of a fungal priority pathogens list. Med Mycol. 2024;62(6):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mmy\/myae040.","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4391_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1115055","volume":"11","author":"R Husni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Husni R, Bou Zerdan M, Samaha N, Helou M, Mahfouz Y, Saniour R, et al. Characterization and susceptibility of non-albicans Candida isolated from various clinical specimens in Lebanese hospitals. Front Public Health. 2023;11(10):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1115055.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"4391_CR12","volume-title":"Candida and candidiasis","author":"T Askun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Askun T. Perspective chapter: Candida and Candidiasis \u2013 Recent taxonomic developments, invasion biology, and novel active compounds. In: Askun T, editor. Candida and candidiasis. Rijeka: IntechOpen; 2022."},{"issue":"3","key":"4391_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki473","volume":"57","author":"C Charlier","year":"2006","unstructured":"Charlier C, Hart E, Lefort A, Ribaud P, Dromer F, Denning DW, et al. Fluconazole for the management of invasive candidiasis: where do we stand after 15 years? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57(3):384\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dki473.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"4391_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-024-00219-8","volume":"11","author":"ST Hui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hui ST, Gifford H, Rhodes J. Emerging antifungal resistance in fungal pathogens. Curr Clin Microbiol Rep. 2024;11(2):43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40588-024-00219-8.","journal-title":"Curr Clin Microbiol Rep"},{"issue":"28","key":"4391_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883254","DOI":"10.3389\/ftox.2022.883254","volume":"4","author":"MK Draskau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Draskau MK, Svingen T. Azole fungicides and their endocrine disrupting properties: perspectives on sex hormone-dependent reproductive development. Front Toxicol. 2022;4(28):883254\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/ftox.2022.883254.","journal-title":"Front Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4391_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2020.055","volume":"43","author":"C Sheppard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheppard C. Treatment of vulvovaginitis. Aust Prescr. 2020;43(6):195\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18773\/austprescr.2020.055.","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"issue":"9","key":"4391_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00720-1","volume":"20","author":"MC Fisher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fisher MC, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Berman J, Bicanic T, Bignell EM, Bowyer P, et al. Tackling the emerging threat of antifungal resistance to human health. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022;20(9):557\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-022-00720-1.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4391_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-025-00941-x","volume":"190","author":"HL Verhasselt","year":"2025","unstructured":"Verhasselt HL, Thissen L, Scharmann U, Dittmer S, Rath P-M, Steinmann J, et al. Trends of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus susceptibility over 12 years from a German ECMM excellence center. Mycopathologia. 2025;190(2):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-025-00941-x.","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"4391_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2018.10.006","volume":"36","author":"VS Fay","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fay VS, Gregianini TS, Veiga ABGd, Gon\u00e7alves SMB, Rodrigues DM, Bonamigo RR. A 12-year study of fungal infections in Rio Grande do sul, Southern Brazil. Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia. 2019;36(2):55\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.riam.2018.10.006.","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia"},{"key":"4391_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02173","volume":"7","author":"SG Whaley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whaley SG, Berkow EL, Rybak JM, Nishimoto AT, Barker KS, Rogers PD. Azole antifungal resistance in Candida albicans and emerging non-albicans Candida species. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02173.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4391_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2013.11.003","volume":"32","author":"RP Riceto \u00c9BdM, Menezes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Riceto \u00c9BdM, Menezes RP, Penatti MPA, Pedroso RS. Enzymatic and hemolytic activity in different Candida species. Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia. 2013;32(2):79\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.riam.2013.11.003.","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950","volume":"13","author":"JP Lopes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lopes JP, Lionakis MS. Pathogenesis and virulence of Candida albicans. Virulence. 2022;13(1):89\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2021.2019950.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"2","key":"4391_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7020079","volume":"7","author":"J Talapko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Talapko J, Juzba\u0161i\u0107 M, Matijevi\u0107 T, Pustijanac E, Beki\u0107 S, Kotris I, et al. Candida albicans: the virulence factors and clinical manifestations of infection. J Fungi. 2021;7(2):2\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof7020079.","journal-title":"J Fungi"},{"issue":"4","key":"4391_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v15i4.57264","volume":"15","author":"BK Sachin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sachin BK, Roka B, Bishwokarma B, Yadav B, Chaudhary GP, Pandey J, et al. Prevalence of Candida species and their antifungal susceptibility patterns among patients in tertiary care setting butwal, nepal: A cross-sectional study. AJMS. 2024;15(4):153\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/ajms.v15i4.57264.","journal-title":"AJMS"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06562-1","volume":"21","author":"R Bhujel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhujel R, Mishra SK, Yadav SK, Bista KD, Parajuli K. Comparative study of amsel\u2019s criteria and Nugent scoring for diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis in a tertiary care hospital, Nepal. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):825\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06562-1.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2852-x","volume":"10","author":"SH Subramanya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Subramanya SH, Baral BP, Sharan NK, Nayak N, Metok Y, Sathian B, et al. Antifungal susceptibility and phenotypic virulence markers of Candida species isolated from Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):543\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-017-2852-x.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06192-7","volume":"21","author":"DN Anh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anh DN, Hung DN, Tien TV, Dinh VN, Son VT, Luong NV, et al. Prevalence, species distribution and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans causing vaginal discharge among symptomatic non-pregnant women of reproductive age at a tertiary care hospital, Vietnam. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):523\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06192-7.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.21.0035","volume":"11","author":"S Shakya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shakya S, Edwards J, Gupte HA, Shrestha S, Shakya BM, Parajuli K, et al. High multidrug resistance in urinary tract infections in a tertiary hospital. Kathmandu Nepal Public Health Action. 2021;11(1):24\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/pha.21.0035.","journal-title":"Kathmandu Nepal Public Health Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01656-08","volume":"47","author":"L Pattullo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pattullo L, Griffeth S, Ding L, Mortensen J, Reed J, Kahn J, et al. Stepwise diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in adolescent women. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(1):59\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.01656-08.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4391_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1590\/s1516-89132012000200020","volume":"55","author":"TL Silva GAd, Bernardi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Silva GAd, Bernardi TL, Schaker PDC, Menegotto M, Valente P. Rapid yeast DNA extraction by boiling and freeze-thawing without using chemical reagents and DNA purification. Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2012;55(2):319\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1516-89132012000200020.","journal-title":"Braz Arch Biol Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4391_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000426","volume":"66","author":"H Khodadadi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khodadadi H, Karimi L, Jalalizand N, Adin H, Mirhendi H. Utilization of size polymorphism in ITS1 and ITS2 regions for identification of pathogenic yeast species. J Med Microbiol. 2017;66(2):126\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/jmm.0.000426.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4391_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160042","volume":"111","author":"VP Benedetti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benedetti VP, Savi DC, Aluizio R, Adamoski D, Kava-Cordeiro V, Galli-Terasawa LV, et al. Analysis of the genetic diversity of Candida isolates obtained from diabetic patients and kidney transplant recipients. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2016;111(7):417\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0074-02760160042.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"4391_CR33","unstructured":"CLSI. M60 Performance Standards for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts. In., 1st edn. 950 West Valley Road, Suite 2500 Wayne, PA 19087 USA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2017: 1\u201313."},{"issue":"12","key":"4391_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00213","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00213-21","volume":"59","author":"R Humphries","year":"2021","unstructured":"Humphries R, Bobenchik April M, Hindler Janet A, Schuetz Audrey N. Overview of changes to the clinical and laboratory standards Institute performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, M100. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;59(12):e00213\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00213-21.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2547-3","volume":"10","author":"S Khadka","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khadka S, Sherchand JB, Pokhrel BM, Parajuli K, Mishra SK, Sharma S, et al. Isolation, speciation and antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida isolates from various clinical specimens at a tertiary care hospital, Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):218\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13104-017-2547-3.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"4391_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.29252\/cmm.3.4.1","volume":"3","author":"M Noori","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noori M, Dakhili M, Sepahvand A, Davari N. Evaluation of esterase and hemolysin activities of different Candida species isolated from vulvovaginitis cases in Lorestan province, Iran. Curr Med Mycol. 2017;3(4):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29252\/cmm.3.4.1.","journal-title":"Curr Med Mycol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2017.05.002","volume":"35","author":"RJ Trevi\u00f1o-Rangel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trevi\u00f1o-Rangel RJ, Bodden-Mendoza BA, Montoya AM, Villanueva-Lozano H, Elizondo-Zertuche M, Robledo-Leal E, et al. Phenotypical characterization and molecular identification of clinical isolates of Candida tropicalis. Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia. 2018;35(1):17\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.riam.2017.05.002.","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia"},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"4391_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118826","volume":"337","author":"F Chu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chu F, Wu H, Li C, Qiu W, Zang L, Wu D, et al. Transcriptomics analysis reveals the effect of Pulsatilla Decoction butanol extract on Endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome function of Candida albicans in hyphal state. J Ethnopharmacol. 2025;337(Pt 1):118826\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2024.118826.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"108210","key":"4391_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2025.108210","volume":"194","author":"R Scairati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scairati R, Auriemma RS, Del Vecchio G, Di Meglio S, Pirchio R, Graziadio C, et al. Diabetes mellitus, vaginal Microbiome and sexual function: outcomes in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2025;194(108210):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2025.108210.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"4391_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2147\/hiv.s255698","volume":"12","author":"K Lamichhane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lamichhane K, Adhikari N, Bastola A, Devkota L, Bhandari P, Dhungel B, et al. Biofilm-producing Candida species causing oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV patients attending Sukraraj tropical and infectious diseases hospital in kathmandu, Nepal. HIV AIDS. 2020;12:211\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/hiv.s255698.","journal-title":"HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"4391_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250361","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250361","volume":"16","author":"R Dev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dev R, Adhikari SP, Dongol A, Madhup SK, Pradhan P, Shakya S, et al. Prevalence assessment of sexually transmitted infections among pregnant women visiting an antenatal care center of nepal: pilot of the world health organization\u2019s standard protocol for conducting STI prevalence surveys among pregnant women. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(4):e0250361\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0250361.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4391_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shakya S, Thingulstad S, Syversen U, Nordb\u00f8 SA, Madhup S, Vaidya K, et al. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among married women in rural Nepal. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2018;2018(4980396\u2013405). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/4980396.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4980396"},{"issue":"9","key":"4391_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmmb.2024.100738","volume":"52","author":"M Roy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roy M, Majumdar T, Ray J. Vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnant women attending a tertiary care centre in North-Eastern India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2024;52(9):100738\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijmmb.2024.100738.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4391_CR44","first-page":"638","volume":"32","author":"FA Sathi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sathi FA, Alam MM, Paul SK, Nasrin SA, Ahmed S, Haque N, et al. Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida isolates in patients with vulvovaginitis from mymensingh, Bangladesh. Mymensingh Med J. 2023;32(3):638\u201343.","journal-title":"Mymensingh Med J"},{"issue":"28","key":"4391_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S153116","volume":"11","author":"M Khan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khan M, Jawad A, Amina G, Aamer I, Lalani FK. Antifungal susceptibility testing of vulvovaginal Candida species among women attending antenatal clinic in tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11(28):447\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S153116.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"4391_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.54645\/202417SupPYD-19","volume":"17","author":"RM Falcon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Falcon RM, Alcazar RM, Guda J, Tantengco OA. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis in Southeast Asian countries. SciEnggJ. 2024;17(Supplement):341\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54645\/202417SupPYD-19.","journal-title":"SciEnggJ"},{"issue":"270","key":"4391_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.8432","volume":"62","author":"S Khadka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khadka S, Khatri R, Chaudhary R. Infective vaginal discharge among women of the reproductive age in the outpatient department of a primary care centre. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2024;62(270):103\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31729\/jnma.8432.","journal-title":"J Nepal Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-022-01143-6","volume":"11","author":"CM Dunaiski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dunaiski CM, Kock MM, Jung H, Peters RPH. Importance of Candida infection and fluconazole resistance in women with vaginal discharge syndrome in Namibia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11(1):104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13756-022-01143-6.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4274\/jtgga.galenos.2019.2018.0133","volume":"21","author":"R Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m R, Vural G, Ko\u00e7o\u011flu E. Effect of vaginal douching on vaginal flora and genital infection. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2020;21(1):29\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4274\/jtgga.galenos.2019.2018.0133.","journal-title":"J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"4391_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.2471\/blt.06.031922","volume":"85","author":"M Romoren","year":"2007","unstructured":"Romoren M, Velauthapillai M, Rahman M, Sundby J, Klouman E, Hjortdahl P. Trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: inadequately managed with the syndromic approach. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85(4):297\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2471\/blt.06.031922.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-024-03257-y","volume":"24","author":"CA Enwuru","year":"2024","unstructured":"Enwuru CA, Aiyedobgon AS, Ajayi MB, Osuolale KA. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) co-infection, and bacterial antibiogram profile of pregnant women studied in Lagos. Nigeria BMC Women\u2019s Health. 2024;24(1):415\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-024-03257-y.","journal-title":"Nigeria BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0162-9","volume":"47","author":"C Adjei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adjei C, Boateng R, Dompreh A, Okyere B, Owiredu E-W. Prevalence and the evaluation of culture, wet mount, and ELISA methods for the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection among Ghanaian women using urine and vaginal specimens. Trop Med Health. 2019;47(1):33\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41182-019-0162-9.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4391_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1590\/s1517-838246120120296","volume":"46","author":"YC Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2015","unstructured":"Magalh\u00e3es YC, Bomfim MR, Mel\u00f4nio LC, Ribeiro PC, Cosme LM, Rhoden CR, et al. Clinical significance of the isolation of Candida species from hospitalized patients. Braz J Microbiol. 2015;46(1):117\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1517-838246120120296.","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"4391_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cendejas-Bueno E, Kolecka A, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Theelen B, Groenewald M, Kostrzewa M et al. Reclassification of the Candida haemulonii complex as Candida haemulonii (C. haemulonii group I), C. duobushaemulonii sp. nov. (C. haemulonii group II), and C. haemulonii var. vulnera var. nov.: three multiresistant human pathogenic yeasts. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(11):3641-51; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.02248-12","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02248-12"},{"key":"4391_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tavanti A, Davidson Amanda D, Gow Neil AR, Maiden Martin CJ, Odds Frank C. Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis spp. nov. to replace Candida parapsilosis Groups II and III. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(1):284\u2009\u2013\u200992; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.43.1.284-292.2005","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.43.1.284-292.2005"},{"key":"4391_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01927","volume":"8","author":"DL Zuza-Alves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zuza-Alves DL, Silva-Rocha WP, Chaves GM. An update on Candida tropicalis based on basic and clinical approaches. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1927\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01927.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4391_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/615958","volume":"2014","author":"SC Deorukhkar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deorukhkar SC, Saini S, Mathew S. Non-albicans Candida infection: an emerging threat. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2014;2014:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/615958.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4391_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-014-9821-x","volume":"179","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhu Y, Shan Y, Fan S, Li J, Liu X. Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto and the closely related species Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis in vulvovaginal candidiasis. Mycopathologia. 2015;179(1\u20132):111\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11046-014-9821-x","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"4391_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimce.2022.11.016","volume":"41","author":"C Ruiz de Alegria Puig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruiz de Alegria Puig C, Garcia Merino MDS, De Malet Pintos-Fonseca A, Aguero Balbin J. Characterization, antifungal susceptibility and virulence of Candida parapsilosis complex isolates in a tertiary hospital in cantabria, Northern Spain. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2023;41(2):99\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eimce.2022.11.016.","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"4391_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e470","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00067-8","volume":"4","author":"F Daneshnia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daneshnia F, de Almeida J\u00fanior JN, Ilkit M, Lombardi L, Perry AM, Gao M, et al. Worldwide emergence of fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis: current framework and future research roadmap. Lancet Microbe. 2023;4(6):e470\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00067-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04391-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04391-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04391-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:15:23Z","timestamp":1760069723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04391-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04391-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Committee, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal (Ref. No.: 197\/080\/081). Written consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were treated with respect and dignity, following the ethical principles as prescribed by the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"656"}}