{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:24:09Z","timestamp":1793165049645,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"C2F Scholarship, Chulalongkorn University"},{"name":"Soulsby Foundation for One Health"},{"name":"UKRI NERC OneZoo PhD studentship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["BBSRC BB\/X018156\/1; MRC MR\/X005895\/1; EPSRC EP\/Y018842\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBSRC BB\/X018156\/1; MRC MR\/X005895\/1; EPSRC EP\/Y018842\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N42A660897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N42A660897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fund, Chulalongkorn University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antimicrobial-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      in aquaculture represents a significant public health concern due to its potential transmission through the food chain. Despite these concerns, there is a notable lack of comprehensive genomic characterization of\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from Nile tilapia in Thailand. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and genetic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from retail-sourced Nile tilapia (\n                      <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) between May and October 2023.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 714 Nile tilapia specimens comprising liver, kidney, meat, gill, mucus, lung, and intestine tissues were collected from fish purchased at retail markets in Thailand.\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolation and identification were performed using standard microbiological methods following ISO 6579-1:2017, and serotyping was conducted using the Kauffmann\u2013White scheme. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the agar dilution method in accordance with CLSI guidelines. The whole genome sequencing was performed on 14 multidrug-resistant isolates using Illumina short-read technology to characterize their genetic resistance and virulence profiles.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 15.4%, with the highest rates observed in gill (40.9%) and mucus (26.5%) samples. Thirty-five serovars were identified, with Escanaba, Kentucky, and Othmarschen being the most frequently detected. Resistance to oxytetracycline (33.6%), tetracycline (16.0%), and ampicillin (12.8%) were prevalent, and 19.2% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). Although extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates accounted for only 2.4%, concerns persist regarding their increasing global prevalence. WGS of 14 MDR isolates identified over 20 resistance genes, including\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM\u22121B<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX\u2212M\u221255<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>qnrS1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>\n                      (A), as well as efflux pump systems (\n                      <jats:italic>mdsABC<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>mdtK<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and various virulence factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These isolates were classified into nine sequence types (STs), several of which have been associated with human infections. The findings underscore the necessity of stringent antimicrobial regulations and improved aquaculture practices to mitigate AMR transmission and enhance food safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04451-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T12:11:48Z","timestamp":1764072708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genetic insights into antimicrobial resistance and virulence characteristics of Salmonella enterica isolated from Nile tilapia sourced from retail markets in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Justice Opare","family":"Odoi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saran","family":"Anuntawirun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawaphorn","family":"Roongrojmongkhon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Worapong","family":"Singchat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thitipong","family":"Panthum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Michael","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taane G.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kornsorn","family":"Srikulnath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saharuetai","family":"Jeamsripong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4451_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125718","volume":"416","author":"T Thongsamer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thongsamer T, Neamchan R, Blackburn A, Acharya K, Sutheeworapong S, Tirachulee B, et al. Environmental antimicrobial resistance is associated with faecal pollution in central Thailand\u2019s coastal aquaculture region. J Hazard Mater. 2021;416:125718.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4451_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283359","volume":"18","author":"S Jeamsripong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jeamsripong S, Kuldee M, Thaotumpitak V, Chuanchuen R. Antimicrobial resistance, extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase production and virulence genes in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli isolates from estuarine environment. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0283359.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4451_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165229","volume":"896","author":"Y Siri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Siri Y, Precha N, Sirikanchana K, Haramoto E, Makkaew P. Antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asian water environments: a systematic review of current evidence and future research directions. Sci Total Environ. 2023;896:165229.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"4451_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15735-6","volume":"11","author":"M Reverter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reverter M, Sarter S, Caruso D, Avarre JC, Combe M, Pepey E, et al. Aquaculture at the crossroads of global warming and antimicrobial resistance. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1870.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4451_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2023.100306","volume":"18","author":"B Sihombing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sihombing B, Bhatia R, Srivastava R, Aditama TY, Laxminarayan R, Rijal S. Response to antimicrobial resistance in South-east Asia region. The Lancet Regional Health. 2023;18:100306.","journal-title":"The Lancet Regional Health"},{"key":"4451_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1560890","volume":"16","author":"MB Amin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amin MB, Hoque KI, Sraboni AS, Bhuiyan OF, Happy TT, Alam M, et al. Extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing enterobacterales in live and dead birds from rural poultry farms and urban live bird markets of Bangladesh. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1560890.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4451_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2025.110421","volume":"302","author":"J Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez J, R\u00edos MS, Hernandez L, Chiapparrone ML, Riccio MB, Cacciato C, et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli through the poultry production chain in Argentina. Vet Microbiol. 2025;302:110421.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"4451_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115723","volume":"18","author":"M Pepi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pepi M, Focardi S. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquaculture and climate change: a challenge for health in the mediterranean area. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:5723.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4451_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111323","volume":"11","author":"M W\u00f3jcicki","year":"2022","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcicki M, Chmielarczyk A, \u015awider O, \u015arednicka P, Strus M, Kasperski T, et al. Bacterial pathogens in the food industry: antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of Salmonella enterica strains isolated from food chain links. Pathogens. 2022;11:1323.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"4451_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-63.5.579","volume":"63","author":"ML Heinitz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Heinitz ML, Ruble RD, Wagner DE, Tatini SR. Incidence of Salmonella in fish and seafood. J Food Prot. 2000;63:579\u201392.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"key":"4451_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268804002523","volume":"132","author":"PJ Guerin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Guerin PJ, De Jong B, Heir E, Hasseltvedt V, Kapperud G, Styrmo K, et al. Outbreak of Salmonella Livingstone infection in Norway and Sweden due to contaminated processed fish products. Epidemiol Infect. 2004;132:889\u201395.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"4451_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12462","volume":"61","author":"S Trongjit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trongjit S, Angkititrakul S, Tuttle RE, Poungseree J, Padungtod P, Chuanchuen R. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica isolated from broiler chickens, pigs and meat products in Thailand\u2013Cambodia border provinces. Microbiol Immunol. 2017;61:23\u201333.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"4451_CR13","unstructured":"Bureau of Epidemiology. Annual epidemiological surveillance report. Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health. 2019. Available from: https:\/\/apps.doe.moph.go.th\/boeeng\/annual.php. Accessed 3 Jan 2025."},{"key":"4451_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.08.042","volume":"447","author":"JG Ferreira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ferreira JG, Falconer L, Kittiwanich J, Ross L, Saurel C, Wellman K, et al. Analysis of production and environmental effects of Nile tilapia and white shrimp culture in Thailand. Aquaculture. 2015;447:23\u201336.","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"4451_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03049-8","volume":"23","author":"MT Mumbo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mumbo MT, Nyaboga EN, Kinyua JK, Muge EK, Mathenge SGK, Rotich H, et al. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from fresh Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish marketed for human consumption. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23:306.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"4451_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299987","volume":"19","author":"J Sripradite","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sripradite J, Thaotumpitak V, Atwill ER, Hinthong W, Jeamsripong S. Distribution of bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in retail Nile tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) as potential sources of foodborne illness. PLoS One. 2024;19:e0299987.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4451_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14896","volume":"11","author":"V Thaotumpitak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thaotumpitak V, Sripradite J, Atwill ER, Jeamsripong S. Emergence of colistin resistance and characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella spp., and Vibrio cholerae isolated from hybrid red tilapia cage culture. PeerJ. 2023;11:e14896.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"4451_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2021.0010","volume":"18","author":"ACAO Ferreira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferreira ACAO, Pavelquesi SLS, Monteiro EDS, Rodrigues LFS, Silva CMS, Silva ICRD, et al. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. In aquaculture nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) commercialized In federal district, Brazil. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2021;18:778\u201383.","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"4451_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030407","volume":"8","author":"M Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella virulence and immune escape. Microorganisms. 2020;8:407.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4451_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135010","volume":"10","author":"R Figueiredo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Figueiredo R, Card R, Nunes C, AbuOun M, Bagnall MC, Nunez J, et al. Virulence characterization of Salmonella enterica by a new microarray: detection and evaluation of the cytolethal distending toxin gene activity in the unusual host S. Typhimurium. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0135010.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4451_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.019","volume":"210","author":"J Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang J, Yang X, Kuang D, Shi X, Xiao W, Zhang J, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars in retail aquaculture products. Int J Food Microbiol. 2015;210:47\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"4451_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292621","volume":"18","author":"M Qian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qian M, Xu D, Wang J, Zaeim D, Han J, Qu D. Isolation, antimicrobial resistance and virulence characterization of Salmonella spp. from fresh foods in retail markets in Hangzhou, China. PLoS ONE. 2023;18:e0292621.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4451_CR23","unstructured":"Global Seafood Alliance. Tilapia cage farming in Thailand \u2013 Responsible seafood advocate. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.globalseafood.org\/advocate\/tilapia-cage-farming-in-thailand. Accessed 3 Jan 2025."},{"key":"4451_CR24","unstructured":"Andrews WH, Wang H, Jacobson A, et al. Salmonella: Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online. FDA. 2007. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/laboratory-methods-food\/bam-chapter-5-salmonella. Accessed 9 Mar 2022."},{"key":"4451_CR25","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"PAD Grimont","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grimont PAD, Weill FX. Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella serovars. WHO Collaborating Cent Ref Res Salmonella. 2007;9:1\u2013166.","journal-title":"WHO Collaborating Cent Ref Res Salmonella"},{"key":"4451_CR26","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and Dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals; second informational supplement. CLSI Doc VET01. 2013."},{"key":"4451_CR27","unstructured":"CLSI. Development of quality control ranges, breakpoints, and interpretive categories for antimicrobial agents used in veterinary medicine. 4th ed. CLSI guideline VET02. 2021."},{"key":"4451_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"AP Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:268\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"4451_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.647","volume":"8","author":"R Mir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mir R, Salari S, Najimi M, Rashki A. Determination of frequency, multiple antibiotic resistance index and resistotype of Salmonella spp. in chicken meat collected from southeast of Iran. Vet Med Sci. 2022;8:229\u201336.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"4451_CR30","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 28th ed. CLSI supplement M100. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2018."},{"key":"4451_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15931.1","volume":"7","author":"SW Wingett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wingett SW, Andrews S. Fastq screen: a tool for multi-genome mapping and quality control. F1000Res. 2018;7:1338.","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"4451_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:2114\u201320.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"4451_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.12.032","volume":"21","author":"M Sim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sim M, Lee J, Kwon D, Lee D, Park N, Wy S, et al. Reference-based read clustering improves the de Novo genome assembly of microbial strains. Comput Struct Biotechnol J. 2022;21:444\u201353.","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"4451_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086","volume":"29","author":"A Gurevich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gurevich A, Saveliev V, Vyahhi N, Tesler G. QUAST: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies. Bioinformatics. 2013;29:1072\u20135.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"4451_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W537","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky379","volume":"46","author":"E Afgan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Afgan E, Baker D, van den Batut B, Bouvier D, Cech M, et al. The galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46:W537\u201344.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"4451_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12694","volume":"9","author":"ER Atwill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Atwill ER, Jeamsripong S. Bacterial diversity and potential risk factors associated with Salmonella contamination of seafood products sold in retail markets in Bangkok, Thailand. PeerJ. 2021;9:e12694.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"4451_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.07.017","volume":"236","author":"DTA Nguyen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nguyen DTA, Kanki M, Nguyen PD, Le HT, Ngo PT, Tran DNM, et al. Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and extended-spectrum and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase productivity of Salmonella isolates from raw meat and seafood samples in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Int J Food Microbiol. 2016;236:115\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"4451_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104614","volume":"124","author":"L Huoy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huoy L, Vuth S, Hoeng S, Chheang C, Yi P, San C, et al. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in meat, seafood, and leafy green vegetables from local markets and vegetable farms in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Food Microbiol. 2024;124:104614.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"4451_CR39","first-page":"45","volume":"34","author":"S Puah","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puah S, Heng Chua K, Mary J, Tan A. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica in ready-to-eat Sushi and Sashimi. Trop Biomed. 2017;34:45\u201351.","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"4451_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110591","volume":"413","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Wang H, Abdelrahman H, Kelly A, Roy L, Wang L. Profiling and source tracking of the microbial populations and resistome present in fish products. Int J Food Microbiol. 2024;413:110591.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"4451_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030617","volume":"9","author":"Z Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu Z, Zhang Q, Lin Y, Hao J, Wang S, Zhang J, et al. Taxonomic and functional characteristics of the gill and gastrointestinal microbiota and its correlation with intestinal metabolites in NEW GIFT strain of farmed adult nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Microorganisms. 2021;9:617.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4451_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02868","volume":"10","author":"G Gu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gu G, Strawn LK, Zheng J, Reed EA, Rideout SL. Diversity and dynamics of Salmonella enterica in water sources, poultry litters, and field soils amended with poultry litter in a major agricultural area of Virginia. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2868.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4451_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121898","volume":"8","author":"CM Raseala","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raseala CM, Ekwanzala MD, Momba MNB. Shared extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Salmonella serovars between agricultural and aquatic environments revealed through InvA amplicon sequencing. Microorganisms. 2020;8:1898.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4451_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.2096-2103","volume":"16","author":"JM Petano-Duque","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petano-Duque JM, Rueda-Garc\u00eda V, Rond\u00f3n-Barrag\u00e1n IS. Virulence genes identification in Salmonella enterica isolates from humans, crocodiles, and poultry farms from two regions in Colombia. Vet World. 2023;16:2096\u2013103.","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"4451_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12286","volume":"11","author":"JF Leal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leal JF, Santos EBH, Esteves VI. Oxytetracycline in intensive aquaculture: water quality during and after its administration, environmental fate, toxicity and bacterial resistance. Rev Aquacult. 2019;11:1176\u201394.","journal-title":"Rev Aquacult"},{"key":"4451_CR46","volume":"12","author":"SY Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan SY, Khan RA, Khalid KE, Chong CW, Bakhtiar A. Correlation between antibiotic consumption and the occurrence of multidrug-resistant organisms in a Malaysian tertiary hospital: a 3-year observational study. Sci Rep. 2022;12:7142.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4451_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11112937","volume":"11","author":"A Husna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Husna A, Rahman MM, Badruzzaman ATM, Sikder MH, Islam MR, Rahman MT, et al. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBL): challenges and opportunities. Biomedicines. 2023;11:2937.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4451_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky451","volume":"74","author":"M Nadimpalli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nadimpalli M, Fabre L, Yith V, Sem N, Gouali M, Delarocque-Astagneau E, et al. CTX-M-55-type ESBL-producing Salmonella enterica are emerging among retail meats in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74:342\u20138.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4451_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020177","volume":"11","author":"P Inthavong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Inthavong P, Chanthavong S, Nammanininh P, Phommachanh P, Theppangna W, Agunos A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance of pigs and chickens in the Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic, 2018\u20132021. Antibiotics. 2022;11:177.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"4451_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102425","volume":"11","author":"S Buddhasiri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Buddhasiri S, Sukjoi C, Tantibhadrasapa A, Mongkolkarvin P, Boonpan P, Pattanadecha T, et al. Clinical characteristics, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and multi-locus sequence typing of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovar typhimurium and enteritidis strains isolated from patients in Chiang Mai. Thail Microorganisms. 2023;11:2425.","journal-title":"Thail Microorganisms"},{"key":"4451_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9700","volume":"8","author":"P Patchanee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patchanee P, Tanamai P, Tadee P, Hitchings MD, Calland JK, Sheppard SK, et al. Whole-genome characterisation of multidrug resistant monophasic variants of Salmonella typhimurium from pig production in Thailand. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9700.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"4451_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-023-00236-w","volume":"5","author":"BJ Korry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Korry BJ, Belenky P. Trophic level and Proteobacteria abundance drive antibiotic resistance levels in fish from coastal New England. Anim Microbiome. 2023;5:16.","journal-title":"Anim Microbiome"},{"key":"4451_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00431-7","volume":"13","author":"S Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee S, Park N, Yun S, Hur E, Song J, Lee H, et al. Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones isolated from human salmonellosis in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea from 2016 to 2019. Gut Pathog. 2021;13:35.","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"4451_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2022.05.006","volume":"15","author":"Y Mu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mu Y, Li R, Du P, Zhang P, Li Y, Cui S, et al. Genomic epidemiology of ST34 monophasic Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from clinical patients from 2008 to 2017 in Henan, China. Engineering. 2022;15:34\u201344.","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"4451_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020552","volume":"17","author":"S Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su S, Li C, Yang J, Xu Q, Qiu Z, Xue B, et al. Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in three different natural water bodies\u2014a lake, river and sea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:552.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4451_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14","volume":"28","author":"XZ Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li XZ, Pl\u00e9siat P, Nikaido H. The challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28:337\u2013418.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4451_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127387","volume":"272","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Zhang P, Du P, Mu Y, Cui S, Fanning S, et al. Insertion sequences mediate clinical ST34 monophasic Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium plasmid polymorphism. Microbiol Res. 2023;272:127387.","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"4451_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04765-3","volume":"43","author":"J Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei J, Shen S, Zhang Q, Lu J, Mao S, Zou C, et al. Emergence of a clinical Salmonella enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- isolate, ST3606, in China with susceptibility decrease to ceftazidime-avibactam carrying a novel blaCTX-M-261 variant and a blaNDM-5. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2024;43:829\u201340.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"4451_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00382","volume":"9","author":"NS Singh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Singh NS, Singhal N, Virdi JS. Genetic environment of blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaCMY-42 and characterization of integrons of Escherichia coli isolated from an Indian urban aquatic environment. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:382.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4451_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5809-8","volume":"20","author":"AV Rakov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rakov AV, Mastriani E, Liu SL, Schifferli DM. Association of Salmonella virulence factor alleles with intestinal and invasive serovars. BMC Genomics. 2019;20:429.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"4451_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.760451","volume":"12","author":"YR Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai YR, Chang YF, Ma J, Chiu CH, Kuo ML, Lai CH. From DNA damage to cancer progression: potential effects of cytolethal distending toxin. Front Immunol. 2021;12:760451.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4451_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salam F, Lekshmi M, Prabhakar P, Kumar SH, Nayak BB. Physiological characteristics and virulence gene composition of selected serovars of seafood-borne Salmonella enterica. Vet World. 2023;16:431-438.","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2023.431-438"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04451-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04451-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04451-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:05:03Z","timestamp":1764079503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04451-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04451-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experimental use of pathogens in this study was reviewed and approved by the Faculty of Veterinary Science Biosafety Committee of Chulalongkorn University (CU-VET-IBC: 2331005).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"777"}}