{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T15:26:52Z","timestamp":1780500412344,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Centre Egypt"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Currently, there is an increasing interest in microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) due to their diverse functionalities, diversity in chemical structure and source, and enormous potential for use in different medical applications. A novel marine\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. MAE (OR354383) was isolated and identified that generated a significant quantity of exopolysaccharide (EPS) at 7.6\u00a0g\/L. Bioactive exopolysaccharide (EPSS10) was extracted and characterized from\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. MAE culture, and the molar ratio was determined via HPLC. Several methodologies were used to determine their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral activities. The anticancer efficacy of EPSS10 was evaluated using several cell lines (HepG2, CaCo2, MCF7, PC3, A549 and PANC1). Using Real time (RT)-PCR, we analyzed the expression levels of\n                    <jats:italic>Bax<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bcl2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cytochrome c<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Caspase 9<\/jats:italic>\n                    in MCF7 cells. EPSS10 displays a grayish-white coloration, possesses an amorphous structure, and is devoid of odor. The composition of EPSS10 includes uronic acid (19.55%), sulfate (25.03%), and N-acetylglucosamine (10.63%). The in vivo toxicity results proved the safety of EPSS10 for biological parameters in rat models. EPSS10 demonstrates significant antibacterial efficacy. The maximum antioxidant was 89.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3% at 500\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml; anti-inflammatory activity as cyclooxygenase (COX-1) inhibitory showed that the inhibition percentage was 81.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5%, and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitory provided 78.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.2%. The fraction EPSS10 had a strong cytotoxic effect on different cancerous cells by increasing their concentrations. EPSS10 treatment increased\n                    <jats:italic>Bax<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Caspase 9<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cytochrome c<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression. The expression of the\n                    <jats:italic>Bcl2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, however, was reduced. The antiviral efficacy of EPSS10 was determined to be 57.29\u2009\u00b1\u20091.78% at the maximum non-cytotoxic dose, whereas the concentration required to achieve a 50% reduction in the pathogenic effects of the Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) was 838.50\u2009\u00b1\u200934.62\u00a0\u00b5g\/ml. The exopolysaccharide (EPSS10) of\n                    <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. MAE has important therapeutic potential due to its significant biological functions, safe use, structural features, and intrinsic qualities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04462-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T08:33:39Z","timestamp":1763195619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revealing the therapeutic potential of bioactive exopolysaccharide (EPSS10) derived from Streptomyces sp. MAE"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Esraa S.","family":"Refat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attia A.","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5155-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"El Awady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8537-9392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Nasr-Eldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"4462_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-129-6-1743","volume":"129","author":"ST Williams","year":"1983","unstructured":"Williams ST, Goodfellow M, Alderson G, Wellington EM, Sneath PH, Sackin MJ. Numerical classification of streptomyces and related genera. J Gen Microbiol. 1983;129:1743\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/00221287-129-6-1743.","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"4462_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664395","volume":"12","author":"AK Abdalla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdalla AK, Ayyash MM, Olaimat AN, Osaili TM, Al-Nabulsi AA, Shah NP, et al. Exopolysaccharides as antimicrobial agents: mechanism and spectrum of activity. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:664395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664395.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4462_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.21608\/bjas.2024.252692.1290","volume":"8","author":"M El Awady","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Awady M, Refat E, Nasr-Eldin M, Attia A. Effect of different parameters on the production of exopolysaccharides with antioxidant activity from marine streptomycetes. Benha J Appl Sci. 2023;8:23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/bjas.2024.252692.1290.","journal-title":"Benha J Appl Sci"},{"key":"4462_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03660-x","volume":"39","author":"F Salimi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Salimi F, Farrokh P. Recent advances in the biological activities of microbial exopolysaccharides. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;39:213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11274-023-03660-x.","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"4462_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139917","volume":"297","author":"J Kumari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumari J, Kumawat R, Prasanna R, Jothieswari D, Debnath R, Ikbal AMA, et al. Microbial exopolysaccharides: classification, biosynthetic pathway, industrial extraction and commercial production to unveil its bioprospection: a comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;297:139917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139917.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01590","volume":"5","author":"HMI Abdallah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdallah HMI, Abdel-Rahman RF, El Awdan SA, Allam RM, El-Mosallamy AEMK, Selim MS, et al. Protective effect of some natural products against chemotherapy-induced toxicity in rats. Heliyon. 2019;5:e01590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01590.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"4462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-020-00323-x","volume":"44","author":"SA Abdelhamid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelhamid SA, Mohamed SS, Selim MS. Medical application of exopolymers produced by marine bacteria. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2020;44:69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42269-020-00323-x.","journal-title":"Bull Natl Res Cent"},{"key":"4462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.21608\/bjas.2022.257797","volume":"7","author":"MO Abdel-Monem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdel-Monem MO, Hassan MG, El Awady ME, Moharam BA, Mohamed SS. Production and optimization of exopolysaccharides with antioxidant activity isolated from marine bacteria. Benha J Appl Sci. 2022;7:207\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/bjas.2022.257797.","journal-title":"Benha J Appl Sci"},{"key":"4462_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10539-w","author":"SA Abdelhamid","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdelhamid SA, Mohamed SS, Abo Elsoud MM, Selim MS, Mounier MM, Eltaher A, et al. Characterization and modeling of marine Bacillus cereus strain MSS1 exopolysaccharide and its antagonistic effect on colon cancer. Probiotics Antimicro Prot. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-025-10539-w.","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicro Prot"},{"key":"4462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y RS AYK. A comprehensive review of anticancer, immunomodulatory and health beneficial effects of the lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym. 2019;217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.04.025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.04.025"},{"key":"4462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00122-23","volume":"11","author":"MM Lunar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lunar MM, Marko\u010di\u010d P, Fujs Komlo\u0161 K, \u0160tamol T, Poljak M. Sporadic hepatitis A, virus PCR. False-positive results observed during reflex testing of serum samples previously tested for Anti-HAV antibodies and caused by contamination with HAV RNA present in the reagents of the commercial Anti-HAV immunoassay. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11:e0012223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.00122-23.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"4462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.33587","volume":"127","author":"F Bray","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Weiderpass E, Soerjomataram I. The ever-increasing importance of cancer as a leading cause of premature death worldwide. Cancer. 2021;127:3029\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.33587.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"4462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11020156","volume":"11","author":"D Jur\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jur\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e1 D, Ribeiro SC, Silva CCG. Exopolysaccharides produced by lactic acid bacteria: from biosynthesis to health-promoting properties. Foods. 2022;11:156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods11020156.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"4462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40538-021-00214-x","volume":"8","author":"C Hou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hou C, Yin M, Lan P, Wang H, Nie H, Ji X. Recent progress in the research of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels polysaccharides: extraction, purification, structure and bioactivities. Chem Biol Technol Agric. 2021;8:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40538-021-00214-x.","journal-title":"Chem Biol Technol Agric"},{"key":"4462_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.005","volume":"46","author":"VJ Koller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Koller VJ, Marian B, Stidl R, Nersesyan A, Winter H, Simi\u0107 T, et al. Impact of lactic acid bacteria on oxidative DNA damage in human derived colon cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46:1221\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.005.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"4462_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.190","volume":"162","author":"J Angelin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Angelin J, Kavitha M. Exopolysaccharides from probiotic bacteria and their health potential. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;162:853\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.190.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0192","volume":"7","author":"Z Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu Z, Wang G, Pan D, Guo Y, Zeng X, Sun Y, et al. Inflammation-related pro-apoptotic activity of exopolysaccharides isolated from Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis. Beneficial Microbes. 2016;7:761\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3920\/BM2015.0192.","journal-title":"Beneficial Microbes"},{"issue":"5","key":"4462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0385-6380(87)90108-7","volume":"65","author":"M Hayakawa","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hayakawa M, Nonomura H. Humic acid-vitamin agar, a new medium for the selective isolation of soil actinomycetes. J Ferment Technol. 1987;65(5):501\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0385-6380(87)90108-7.","journal-title":"J Ferment Technol"},{"key":"4462_CR19","unstructured":"Waksman SA. The Actinomycetes. Vol. II. Classification, identification and descriptions of genera and species. The Actinomycetes. Vol II Classification, identification and descriptions of genera and species. 1961."},{"key":"4462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x","volume":"2","author":"M Gardes","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gardes M, Bruns TD. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol. 1993;2:113\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"4462_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.012","volume":"59","author":"P Manivasagan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manivasagan P, Sivasankar P, Venkatesan J, Senthilkumar K, Sivakumar K, Kim S-K. Production and characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide from streptomyces Violaceus MM72. Int J Biol Macromol. 2013;59:29\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.012.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4462_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.01.151","volume":"101","author":"C Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu C, Lu J, Lu L, Liu Y, Wang F, Xiao M. Isolation, structural characterization and immunological activity of an exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus licheniformis 8-37-0-1. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101:5528\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.01.151.","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"4462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00471-3","author":"SS Mohamed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohamed SS, Awady MEE, Abdelhamid SA, Hamed AA, Salama AAA, Selim MS. Study of exopolysaccharide produced by Streptomyces Rochie strain OF1 and its effect as ameliorative on osteoarthritis in rats via inhibiting TNF-\u03b1\/COX2 pathway. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43141-023-00471-3.","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"key":"4462_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/168167a0","volume":"168","author":"M Dubois","year":"1951","unstructured":"Dubois M, Gilles K, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith F. A colorimetric method for the determination of sugars. Nature. 1951;168:167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/168167a0.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4462_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60111a017","volume":"28","author":"Michel DuBois","year":"1956","unstructured":"DuBois Michel, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA, Smith Fred. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem. 1956;28:350\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ac60111a017.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"4462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0840106","volume":"84","author":"KS Dodgson","year":"1962","unstructured":"Dodgson KS, Price RG. A note on the determination of the ester sulphate content of sulphated polysaccharides. Biochem J. 1962;84:106\u201310.","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"4462_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(91)90372-z","volume":"197","author":"TM Filisetti-Cozzi","year":"1991","unstructured":"Filisetti-Cozzi TM, Carpita NC. Measurement of uronic acids without interference from neutral sugars. Anal Biochem. 1991;197:157\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(91)90372-z.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"4462_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-005X(89)80034-7","volume":"3","author":"RC Randall","year":"1989","unstructured":"Randall RC, Phillips GO, Williams PA. Fractionation and characterization of gum from acacia Senegal. Food Hydrocolloids. 1989;3:65\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0268-005X(89)80034-7.","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloids"},{"key":"4462_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2006.03.027","volume":"66","author":"B Ray","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ray B. Polysaccharides from enteromorpha compressa: isolation, purification and structural features. Carbohydr Polym. 2006;66:408\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2006.03.027.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"4462_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-0101(86)90199-6","volume":"24","author":"J Meier","year":"1986","unstructured":"Meier J, Theakston RDG. Approximate LD50 determinations of snake venoms using eight to ten experimental animals. Toxicon. 1986;24:395\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0041-0101(86)90199-6.","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"17","key":"4462_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10361","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA11021F","volume":"10","author":"AA Hamed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamed AA, Kabary H, Khedr M, Emam AN. Antibiofilm, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of extracellular green-synthesized silver nanoparticles by two marine-derived actinomycete. RSC Adv. 2020;10(17):10361\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/C9RA11021F.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"key":"4462_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","volume":"28","author":"W Brand-Williams","year":"1995","unstructured":"Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT. 1995;28:25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5.","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"4462_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(96)00339-1","volume":"60","author":"NJ Miller","year":"1997","unstructured":"Miller NJ, Rice-Evans CA. The relative contributions of ascorbic acid and phenolic antioxidants to the total antioxidant activity of orange and apple fruit juices and blackcurrant drink. Food Chem. 1997;60:331\u20137.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"4462_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.44.307","volume":"44","author":"M Oyaizu","year":"1986","unstructured":"Oyaizu M, Studies on Products of Browning Reaction. Jap J Nut Diet. 1986;44:307\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.44.307.","journal-title":"Jap J Nut Diet"},{"key":"4462_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.028","volume":"90","author":"I G\u00fcl\u00e7in","year":"2004","unstructured":"G\u00fcl\u00e7in I, K\u00fcfrevioglu OI, Oktay M, B\u00fcy\u00fckokuroglu ME. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L). J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;90:205\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2003.09.028.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"4462_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-021-03785-z","volume":"247","author":"R Lo Scalzo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lo Scalzo R. EPR free radical scavenging activity on superoxide, hydroxyl and tert\u2013butyl hydroperoxide radicals by common hydrophilic antioxidants: effect of mixing and influence of glucose and citric acid. Eur Food Res Technol. 2021;247:2253\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00217-021-03785-z.","journal-title":"Eur Food Res Technol"},{"key":"4462_CR37","first-page":"116","volume":"3","author":"ES Adithya","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adithya ES, Lakshmi MS, Hephzibah P, Sasikumar JM. In vitro antioxidant, anti-lipid peroxidation activities and HPLC analysis of methanol extracts from bark and stem of mahonia Leschenaultia Takeda. Asian J Plant Sci Res. 2013;3:116\u201326.","journal-title":"Asian J Plant Sci Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4462_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2011.619195","volume":"34","author":"G Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee G, Choi TW, Kim C, Nam D, Lee S-G, Jang H-J, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of reynoutria elliptica through suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-\u03bab activation pathways. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012;34(3):454\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/08923973.2011.619195.","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"4462_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","volume":"65","author":"T Mosmann","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983;65:55\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4.","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"key":"4462_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1430698","volume":"46","author":"M Piran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Piran M, Vakilian,Saeid P, ,Mehran M-S. ,Abdollah, Hosseinzadeh, Simzar, and Ardeshirylajimi A. In vitro fibroblast migration by sustained release of PDGF-BB loaded in Chitosan nanoparticles incorporated in electrospun nanofibers for wound dressing applications. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46:511\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21691401.2018.1430698.","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"4462_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.04.018","volume":"66","author":"W Randazzo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Randazzo W, Falc\u00f3 I, Aznar R, S\u00e1nchez G. Effect of green tea extract on enteric viruses and its application as natural sanitizer. Food Microbiol. 2017;66:150\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fm.2017.04.018.","journal-title":"Food Microbiol"},{"key":"4462_CR42","first-page":"24","volume":"120","author":"P Vijayan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vijayan P, Hariharapura R, Godavarthi A, So D, Suresh B. Antiviral activity of medicinal plants of Nilgiris. Indian J Med Res. 2004;120:24\u20139.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"4462_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.5.705","volume":"44","author":"M Cotarelo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cotarelo M, Catal\u00e1n P, S\u00e1nchez-Carrillo C, Menasalvas A, Cercenado E, Tenorio A, et al. Cytopathic effect inhibition assay for determining the in-vitro susceptibility of herpes simplex virus to antiviral agents. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;44:705\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/44.5.705.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4462_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.12.118","volume":"102","author":"P Kanmani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kanmani P, Satish kumar R, Yuvaraj N, Paari KA, Pattukumar V, Arul V. Production and purification of a novel exopolysaccharide from lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus phocae PI80 and its functional characteristics activity in vitro. Bioresour Technol. 2011;102:4827\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.12.118.","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"4462_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(98)00046-0","volume":"37","author":"R Sun","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sun R, Fang JM, Goodwin A, Lawther JM, Bolton AJ. Fractionation and characterization of polysaccharides from Abaca fibre. Carbohydr Polym. 1998;37:351\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0144-8617(98)00046-0.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"4462_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.03.002","volume":"118","author":"A Cheng","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cheng A, Wan F, Jin Z, Wang J, Xu X. Nitrite oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase were regulated by polysaccharides isolated from glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch. J Ethnopharmacol. 2008;118:59\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2008.03.002.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"4462_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002","volume":"53","author":"MA Meyers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Meyers MA, Chen P-Y, Lin AY-M, Seki Y. Biological materials: structure and mechanical properties. Prog Mater Sci. 2008;53:1\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002.","journal-title":"Prog Mater Sci"},{"key":"4462_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.005","volume":"50","author":"C Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang C, Chen Y, Hu M, Ding J, Xu C, Wang R. In vitro antioxidant activities of the polysaccharides from tricholoma lobayense. Int J Biol Macromol. 2012;50:534\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2012.01.005.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4462_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2005.06.095","volume":"15","author":"Z Guo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guo Z, Xing R, Liu S, Yu H, Wang P, Li C, et al. The synthesis and antioxidant activity of the schiff bases of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2005;15:4600\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bmcl.2005.06.095.","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"4462_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jct.2023.107110","volume":"185","author":"D Milenkovi\u0107","year":"2023","unstructured":"Milenkovi\u0107 D, Dimi\u0107 D, Avdovi\u0107 E, Simijonovi\u0107 D, Vojinovi\u0107 R, Markovi\u0107 Z. A thermodynamic and kinetic HO radical scavenging study and protein binding of Baicalein. J Chem Thermodyn. 2023;185:107110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jct.2023.107110.","journal-title":"J Chem Thermodyn"},{"key":"4462_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.803688","volume":"13","author":"MA Khalil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khalil MA, Sonbol FI, Al-Madboly LA, Aboshady TA, Alqurashi AS, Ali SS. Exploring the therapeutic potentials of exopolysaccharides derived from lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria: antioxidant, antitumor, and periodontal regeneration. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:803688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.803688.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4462_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-025-02730-z","volume":"24","author":"AM Ghanaim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghanaim AM, Mohamed HI, El\u2013Ansary AE. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa AG01 with some medical potential applications. Microb Cell Fact. 2025;24:107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-025-02730-z.","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"4462_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100430","volume":"8","author":"P Hazra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hazra P, Ghosh S, Roy P, Sinha D, Kesh GS. Antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from marine cyanobacteria. Microbe. 2025;8:100430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100430.","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"key":"4462_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-2952(97)00215-3","volume":"55","author":"G Cirino","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cirino G. Multiple controls in inflammation. Extracellular and intracellular phospholipase A2, inducible and constitutive cyclooxygenase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1998;55:105\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-2952(97)00215-3.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"4462_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4136","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234136","volume":"13","author":"YA-G Mahmoud","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mahmoud YA-G, El-Naggar ME, Abdel-Megeed A, El-Newehy M. Recent advancements in microbial polysaccharides: synthesis and applications. Polym (Basel). 2021;13:4136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13234136.","journal-title":"Polym (Basel)"},{"key":"4462_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16202854","volume":"16","author":"A Yermagambetova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yermagambetova A, Tazhibayeva S, Takhistov P, Tyussyupova B, Tapia-Hern\u00e1ndez JA, Musabekov K. Microbial polysaccharides as functional components of packaging and drug delivery applications. Polymers. 2024;16:2854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym16202854.","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"4462_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01012","volume":"6","author":"M Moscovici","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moscovici M. Present and future medical applications of microbial exopolysaccharides. Front Microbiol. 2015;6:1012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01012.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4462_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06698","volume":"7","author":"AA Emam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emam AA, Abo-Elkhair SM, Sobh M, El-Sokkary AMA. Role of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) as anti-Mir-155 in cancer cells. Heliyon. 2021;7:e06698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06698.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"4462_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02673-0","volume":"22","author":"E Amjad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amjad E, Sokouti B, Asnaashari A. A systematic review of anti-cancer roles and mechanisms of kaempferol as a natural compound. Cancer Cell Int. 2022;22:260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12935-022-02673-0.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"4462_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"031","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5956.1000181","volume":"5","author":"V Ramamurthy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramamurthy V, Vallinachiyar C. Apoptosis of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) induced by polysacccharides produced by bacteria. J Cancer Sci Therapy. 2013;5:031\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/1948-5956.1000181.","journal-title":"J Cancer Sci Therapy"},{"key":"4462_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2018.8801","volume":"8","author":"MS Selim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Selim MS, Mohamed SS, Asker MM, Salama AAA, Abdallah HMI, Yassen NN. Production and characterization of exopolysaccharide from marine Bacillus sp. MSHN2016 with studying its effect on isoniazid\/ rifampicin-induced hepatic and renal toxicities in rats. J App Pharm Sci. 2018;8,:001\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7324\/JAPS.2018.8801.","journal-title":"J App Pharm Sci"},{"key":"4462_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbas.2018.05.009","author":"S Mohamed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohamed S, Amer S, Selim M, Rifaat H. Characterization and applications of exopolysaccharide produced by marine Bacillus altitudinis MSH2014 from Ras Mohamed, Sinai, Egypt. Egypt J Basic Appl Sci. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejbas.2018.05.009.","journal-title":"Egypt J Basic Appl Sci"},{"key":"4462_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44753-8","volume":"9","author":"U Tukenmez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tukenmez U, Aktas B, Aslim B, Yavuz S. The relationship between the structural characteristics of lactobacilli-EPS and its ability to induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro. Sci Rep. 2019;9:8268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-44753-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4462_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/s1535-6108(03)00272-1","volume":"4","author":"JE Chipuk","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chipuk JE, Maurer U, Green DR, Schuler M. Pharmacologic activation of p53 elicits Bax-dependent apoptosis in the absence of transcription. Cancer Cell. 2003;4:371\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1535-6108(03)00272-1.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"4462_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-0877-z","volume":"17","author":"NM El-Deeb","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Deeb NM, Yassin AM, Al-Madboly LA, El-Hawiet A. A novel purified Lactobacillus acidophilus 20079 exopolysaccharide, LA-EPS-20079, molecularly regulates both apoptotic and NF-\u03baB inflammatory pathways in human colon cancer. Microb Cell Fact. 2018;17:29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-018-0877-z.","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"4462_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26722","volume":"6","author":"G Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu G, Kuang S, Wu S, Jin W, Sun C. A novel polysaccharide from sargassum integerrimum induces apoptosis in A549 cells and prevents angiogensis in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep26722.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4462_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.100336","volume":"74","author":"F Ogura","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ogura F, Hayashi K, Lee J-B, Kanekiyo K, Hayashi T. Evaluation of an edible blue-green alga, aphanothece sacrum, for its inhibitory effect on replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 and influenza virus type A. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010;74:1687\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1271\/bbb.100336.","journal-title":"Biosci Biotechnol Biochem"},{"key":"4462_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02383-4","volume":"23","author":"MH Saad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saad MH, Sidkey NM, El-Fakharany EM. Characterization and optimization of exopolysaccharide extracted from a newly isolated halotolerant cyanobacterium, acaryochloris Al-azhar MNE ON864448.1 with antiviral activity. Microb Cell Fact. 2024;23:117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12934-024-02383-4.","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"key":"4462_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/s0008-6215(01)00141-0","volume":"334","author":"P Cimino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cimino P, Bifulco G, Casapullo A, Bruno I, Gomez-Paloma L, Riccio R. Isolation and NMR characterization of rosacelose, a novel sulfated polysaccharide from the sponge mixylla rosacea. Carbohydr Res. 2001;334:39\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0008-6215(01)00141-0.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Res"},{"key":"4462_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.005","volume":"89","author":"T Muschin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muschin T, Budragchaa D, Kanamoto T, Nakashima H, Ichiyama K, Yamamoto N, et al. Chemically sulfated natural galactomannans with specific antiviral and anticoagulant activities. Int J Biol Macromol. 2016;89:415\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.005.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04462-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04462-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04462-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:53:27Z","timestamp":1780498407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04462-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04462-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was reviewed and acknowledged by the Ethics Committee of the faculty of science, Benha University, Egypt; Under approval no. [Bufs-REC-2024-98Bot].","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"749"}}