{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:27:26Z","timestamp":1787020046698,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye) under Project 1004","award":["20AG004, titled \"Development of a portable system using nanoparticle technologies for on-site diagnosis of infectious agents that can be transmitted through blood (LAB-A-LAMP)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20AG004, titled \"Development of a portable system using nanoparticle technologies for on-site diagnosis of infectious agents that can be transmitted through blood (LAB-A-LAMP)."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04465-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T18:18:55Z","timestamp":1763403535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Rapid and simple detection of HCV RNA: enhanced colorimetric RT-LAMP method using unmodified gold nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6068-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Alt\u0131n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8434-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra","family":"Agel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3952-1914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayse Istanbullu","family":"Tosun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"4465_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32020","volume":"10","author":"S Takallu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Takallu S, Aiyelabegan HT, Zomorodi AR, et al. Nanotechnology improves the detection of bacteria: recent advances and future perspectives. Heliyon. 2024;10(11):e32020.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"4465_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3923\/jas.2008.545.561","volume":"8","author":"A Esfandiari","year":"2008","unstructured":"Esfandiari A, Nazokdast H, Rashidi AS, Yazdanshenas ME. Review of polymer-organoclay nanocomposites. J Appl Sci. 2008;8:545\u201361.","journal-title":"J Appl Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4465_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124031","volume":"19","author":"B Kl\u0119bowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kl\u0119bowski B, Depciuch J, Parli\u0144ska-Wojtan M, Baran J. Applications of noble metal-based nanoparticles in medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(12):4031.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4465_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010131","volume":"23","author":"P Paluszkiewicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Paluszkiewicz P, Martuszewski A, Zar\u0119ba N, Wala K, Banasik M, Kepinska M. The application of nanoparticles in diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;23(1):131.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"28","key":"4465_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29966","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c10352","volume":"9","author":"A Karnwal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karnwal A, Kumar Sachan RS, Devgon I, et al. Gold nanoparticles in nanobiotechnology: from synthesis to biosensing applications. ACS Omega. 2024;9(28):29966\u201382.","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"4465_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global hepatitis report 2024: action for Access in low and middle income countries. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240091672 Accessed 28 Apr. 2024."},{"issue":"3","key":"4465_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0349","volume":"29","author":"CH Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu CH, Kao JH. Acute hepatitis c virus infection: clinical update and remaining challenges. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(3):623\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4465_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27365","volume":"61","author":"AC Moorman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moorman AC, Xing J, Ko S, et al. Late diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection in the chronic hepatitis cohort study (CHeCS): missed opportunities for intervention. Hepatology. 2015;61(5):1479\u201384.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"4465_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6247.126683","volume":"8","author":"E Gupta","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gupta E, Bajpai M, Choudhary A. Hepatitis. c virus: screening, diagnosis, and interpretation of laboratory assays. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2014;8(1):19\u201325.","journal-title":"Asian J Transfus Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4465_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-9939","volume":"20","author":"RL Carithers Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carithers RL Jr, Marquardt A, Gretch DR. Diagnostic testing for hepatitis C. Semin Liver Dis. 2000;20(2):159\u201371.","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4465_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-015-4656-9","volume":"53","author":"T Notomi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Notomi T, Mori Y, Tomita N, Kanda H. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): principle, features, and future prospects. J Microbiol. 2015;53(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"4465_CR12","unstructured":"WarmStart Colorimetric LAMP 2X Master Mix (DNA & RNA.). https:\/\/www.neb.com\/en\/products\/m1800-warmstart-colorimetric-lamp-2x-master-mix-dna-rna. Accessed 02 May. 2024."},{"issue":"1","key":"4465_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1756698","volume":"9","author":"YH Baek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baek YH, Um J, Antigua KJC, et al. Development of a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification as a rapid early-detection method for novel SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):998\u20131007.","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"39","key":"4465_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14036","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406115101","volume":"101","author":"H Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li H, Rothberg L. Colorimetric detection of DNA sequences based on electrostatic interactions with unmodified gold nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(39):14036\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"35","key":"4465_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10958","DOI":"10.1021\/ja048749n","volume":"126","author":"H Li","year":"2004","unstructured":"Li H, Rothberg LJ. Label-free colorimetric detection of specific sequences in genomic DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. J Am Chem Soc. 2004;126(35):10958\u201361.","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"},{"issue":"51","key":"4465_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16860","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8068877","volume":"112","author":"V Verdolino","year":"2008","unstructured":"Verdolino V, Cammi R, Munk BH, Schlegel HB. Calculation of pKa values of nucleobases and the guanine oxidation products Guanidinohydantoin and Spiroiminodihydantoin using density functional theory and a polarizable continuum model. J Phys Chem B. 2008;112(51):16860\u201373.","journal-title":"J Phys Chem B"},{"issue":"17","key":"4465_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7042","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY01479D","volume":"7","author":"KM Koo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koo KM, Sina AAI, Carrascosa LG, Shiddiky MJA, Trau M. DNA\u2013bare gold affinity interactions: mechanism and applications in biosensing. Anal Methods. 2015;7(17):7042\u201354.","journal-title":"Anal Methods"},{"key":"4465_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng Y, Zang D, Qi P, Zheng L. Colorimetric detection of DNA by using target catalyzed DNA nanostructure assembly and unmodified gold nanoparticles. 2017;184(12):4809\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-017-2463-1"},{"issue":"5","key":"4465_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1039\/D0AN02481C","volume":"146","author":"AS Mohammed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammed AS, Balapure A, Khaja MN, Ganesan R, Dutta JR. Naked-eye colorimetric detection of HCV RNA mediated by a 5\u2019 UTR-targeted antisense oligonucleotide and plasmonic gold nanoparticles. Analyst. 2021;146(5):1569\u201378.","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4465_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.08.013","volume":"186","author":"W Jaroenram","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jaroenram W, Arunrut N, Kiatpathomchai W. Rapid and sensitive detection of shrimp yellow head virus using loop-mediated isothermal amplification and a colorogenic nanogold hybridization probe. J Virol Methods. 2012;186(1\u20132):36\u201342.","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"4465_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2012.11.005","volume":"27","author":"Y Seetang-Nun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Seetang-Nun Y, Jaroenram W, Sriurairatana S, Suebsing R, Kiatpathomchai W. Visual detection of white spot syndrome virus using DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles as probes combined with loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Mol Cell Probes. 2013;27(2):71\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"key":"4465_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balbin MM, Benchaporn L, Suraruengchai W, Mingala CN. Colorimetric detection of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) through loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) with gold nanoprobes. 2017;147:48\u201355.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2016.11.021"},{"issue":"1","key":"4465_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s13404-022-00322-y","volume":"56","author":"MM Rageh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rageh MM, Gaber MH, Mostafa SM. Effect of ionic strength on the interaction of AuNPs with calf spleen DNA. Gold Bull. 2023;56(1):23\u201330.","journal-title":"Gold Bull"},{"issue":"24","key":"4465_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8313","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0613582","volume":"78","author":"SJ Hurst","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hurst SJ, Lytton-Jean AK, Mirkin CA. Maximizing DNA loading on a range of gold nanoparticle sizes. Anal Chem. 2006;78(24):8313\u20138.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"4465_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.001","volume":"43","author":"SM Shawky","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shawky SM, Bald D, Azzazy HM. Direct detection of unamplified hepatitis C virus RNA using unmodified gold nanoparticles. Clin Biochem. 2010;43(13\u201314):1163\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"4465_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.11.001","volume":"92","author":"SM Shawky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shawky SM, Awad AM, Allam W, Alkordi MH, El-Khamisy SF. Gold aggregating gold: a novel nanoparticle biosensor approach for the direct quantification of hepatitis C virus RNA in clinical samples. Biosens Bioelectron. 2017;92:349\u201356.","journal-title":"Biosens Bioelectron"},{"issue":"1","key":"4465_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/bios3010018","volume":"3","author":"LM Zanoli","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zanoli LM, Spoto G. Isothermal amplification methods for the detection of nucleic acids in microfluidic devices. Biosensors. 2012;3(1):18\u201343.","journal-title":"Biosensors"},{"issue":"10","key":"4465_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2015.1077704","volume":"15","author":"M Larguinho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larguinho M, Canto R, Cordeiro M, et al. Gold nanoprobe-based non-crosslinking hybridization for molecular diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2015;15(10):1355\u201368.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"issue":"3","key":"4465_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.47162\/RJME.61.3.02","volume":"61","author":"CN Oancea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oancea CN, Butaru AE, Streba CT, et al. Global hepatitis C elimination: history, evolution, revolutionary changes and barriers to overcome. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2020;61(3):643\u201353.","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4465_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3.47","volume":"3","author":"SL Chen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chen SL, Morgan TR. The natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Int J Med Sci. 2006;3(2):47\u201352.","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"4465_CR31","unstructured":"Clinical Overview of Hepatitis C. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hepatitis-c\/hcp\/clinical-overview\/index.html Accessed 13 Aug. 2024."},{"issue":"5","key":"4465_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-019-0066-z","volume":"20","author":"S Pol","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pol S, Lagaye S. The remarkable history of the hepatitis C virus. Genes Immun. 2019;20(5):436\u201346.","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"7062","key":"4465_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04193","volume":"437","author":"E Meylan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meylan E, Curran J, Hofmann K, et al. Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus. Nature. 2005;437(7062):1167\u201372.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"4465_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112263109","volume":"109","author":"T Shimakami","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shimakami T, Yamane D, Jangra RK, et al. Stabilization of hepatitis C virus RNA by an Ago2-miR-122 complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109(3):941\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"4465_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200105000-00001","volume":"13","author":"G Ramadori","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ramadori G, Meier V. Hepatitis C virus infection: 10 years after the discovery of the virus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13(5):465\u201371.","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4465_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00588-3","volume":"2","author":"C Stasi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stasi C, Silvestri C, Voller F. Update on hepatitis C epidemiology: unaware and untreated infected population could be the key to elimination. SN Compr Clin Med. 2020;2(12):2808\u201315.","journal-title":"SN Compr Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4465_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.40879.x","volume":"100","author":"V Tahan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tahan V, Karaca C, Yildirim B, et al. Sexual transmission of HCV between spouses. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(4):821\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"15","key":"4465_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i15.1936","volume":"7","author":"DE Karageorgopoulos","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karageorgopoulos DE, Allen J, Bhagani S. Hepatitis c in human immunodeficiency virus co-infected individuals: is this still a special population? World J Hepatol. 2015;7(15):1936\u201352.","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4465_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-012-0067-2","volume":"23","author":"M Kargar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kargar M, Askari A, Doosti A, Ghorbani-Dalini S. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of hepatitis C virus. Indian J Virol. 2012;23(1):18\u201323.","journal-title":"Indian J Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4465_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00828.x","volume":"63","author":"QQ Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang QQ, Zhang J, Hu JS, et al. Rapid detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2011;63(1):144\u20137.","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"},{"key":"4465_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.12.002","volume":"43","author":"DC Nyan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nyan DC, Swinson KL. A method for rapid detection and genotype identification of hepatitis C virus 1\u20136 by one-step reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;43:30\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04465-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04465-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04465-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T18:18:57Z","timestamp":1763403537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04465-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04465-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with Article 4 of the Istanbul Medipol University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee Regulation, which states that anonymous clinical samples obtained from the Medipol University Faculty of Medicine and Genetic Diseases Evaluation Center can be used in research without patient consent. Based on the ethical and scientific appropriateness of the study, approval was given with the reference number E-10840098-772.02-1719. The ethics committee decision taken for this study was in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"757"}}