{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:22:43Z","timestamp":1792790563890,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007950","name":"Tanta University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is the primary cause of persistent opportunistic infections in healthcare settings, recognized as a global priority due to its resistance to antibiotic therapy. Quorum sensing and biofilm formation are the key factors driving the pathogenesis and drug resistance of\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Nanostructures demonstrated encouraging promise in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy and overcoming treatment failure. Therefore, the efficacy of staphyloxanthin (STX)-encapsulated niosomes was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The formulated niosomal nanovesicles displayed a spherical shape at the nanoscale (177.8\u00a0nm), featuring a slow-release rate (39.6%) and appropriate entrapment efficiency (92.7%). Our results demonstrated that STX exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values up to 16\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL against multidrug-resistant isolates (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200924). The in vitro findings revealed that the encapsulation of STX within niosomal nanovesicles demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy compared to the free solution. This improvement was reflected by a significant reduction in biofilm formation (68\u201388%), motility (66.66\u201394.45%), and siderophore production (48.75\u201379.5%), as well as marked disruption of the mature biofilm by 82%. The anti-quorum sensing activity of STX was further confirmed the attenuation of biofilm and virulence, as evidenced by downregulation of\n                      <jats:italic>abaI<\/jats:italic>\n                      expression (1.42-fold reduction) and molecular docking simulations. It is noteworthy that the biological findings revealed a significant eradication of meropenem-induced persister cells after the addition of niosomal dispersion. The preclinical investigations prove the efficacy of STX in improving survival rates through reducing the bacterial burden (2-fold reduction) and lethal inflammatory consequences in a mouse model of pneumonia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      our results suggested that STX may serve as a promising alternative for combating\n                      <jats:italic>A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms and persister cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04507-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T10:00:17Z","timestamp":1765620017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Deciphering the efficacy of staphyloxanthin-encapsulated niosomal nanovesicles to attenuate biofilm formation, quorum sensing, and meropenem persistence in Acinetobacter baumannii"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Nosair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal M.","family":"Abo-Kamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamiaa A.","family":"Al-Madboly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5954-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud H.","family":"Farghali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4507_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12040644","volume":"12","author":"OE Ahuatzin-Flores","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahuatzin-Flores OE, Torres E, Ch\u00e1vez-Bravo E. Acinetobacter baumannii, a multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogen in new habitats: a systematic review. Microorganisms. 2024;12(4):644.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4507_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rangel K, De-Simone S. Acinetobacter baumannii-the rise of a resistant pathogen: the rise of a resistant pathogen. BoD\u2013Books on Demand; 2024.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1001504"},{"issue":"13","key":"4507_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136814","volume":"25","author":"A Marino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marino A, et al. Unveiling the secrets of Acinetobacter baumannii: resistance, current treatments, and future innovations. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(13):6814.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79128-x","volume":"10","author":"A Selvaraj","year":"2020","unstructured":"Selvaraj A, et al. Antibiofilm and antivirulence efficacy of myrtenol enhances the antibiotic susceptibility of Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):21975.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4507_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S332051","author":"A Gedefie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gedefie A, et al. Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation and its role in disease pathogenesis: a review. Infect Drug Resist. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S332051.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"4507_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.793615","volume":"9","author":"S Roy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roy S, et al. Convergence of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Front Med. 2022;9:793615.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4507_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020165","volume":"14","author":"A Almatroudi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Almatroudi A. Biofilm resilience: molecular mechanisms driving antibiotic resistance in clinical contexts. Biology. 2025;14(2):165.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4507_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01381","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.01381-24","volume":"69","author":"A Hussain","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hussain A, et al. Deciphering meropenem persistence in Acinetobacter baumannii facilitates discovery of anti-persister activity of thymol. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2025;69(4):e01381\u201324.","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"2","key":"4507_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-018-0718-0","volume":"58","author":"DA Barretto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barretto DA, Vootla SK. In vitro anticancer activity of Staphyloxanthin pigment extracted from Staphylococcus gallinarum KX912244, a gut microbe of Bombyx mori. Indian J Microbiol. 2018;58(2):146\u201358.","journal-title":"Indian J Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4507_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13030264","volume":"13","author":"J Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei J, et al. Citrus carotenoid extracts promote ROS accumulation and induce oxidative stress to exert anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in MDA-MB-231 cells. Antioxidants. 2024;13(3):264.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"4507_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s42977-021-00081-5","volume":"72","author":"S Sinha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sinha S, et al. Isolation and identification of carotenoid-producing yeast and evaluation of antimalarial activity of the extracted carotenoid (s) against P. falciparum. Biol Futura. 2021;72:325\u201337.","journal-title":"Biol Futura"},{"key":"4507_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106685","volume":"125","author":"J Sui","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sui J, et al. The protective role of carotenoids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Funct Foods. 2025;125:106685.","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"issue":"9","key":"4507_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2023.2273928","volume":"40","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Y, et al. Advances in carotenoid based delivery systems for alleviating inflammatory bowel disease. Food Rev Int. 2024;40(9):2427\u201347.","journal-title":"Food Rev Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"4507_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7010","volume":"13","author":"A Manzari-Tavakoli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Manzari-Tavakoli A, et al. Integrating natural compounds and nanoparticle\u2010based drug delivery systems: a novel strategy for enhanced efficacy and selectivity in cancer therapy. Cancer Med. 2024;13(5):e7010.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87950-4","volume":"15","author":"S Shiri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shiri S, et al. Formulation and characterization of BBR loaded niosomes using saponin as a nonionic biosurfactant investigating synergistic effects to enhance antibacterial activity. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):5231.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02812-1","volume":"23","author":"AM Abo Kamer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abo Kamer AM, et al. Surfactant nanovesicles for augmented antibacterial activity against carbapenemase resistant Enterobacteriaceae and extended spectrum beta-lactamases producing bacteria: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23(1):73.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"4507_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nosair AM, Abdelaziz AA, Abo-Kamer AM et al. Nutritional optimization for bioprocess production of Staphyloxanthin from Staphylococcus aureus with response surface methodology: promising anticancer scaffold targeting EGFR Inhibition. Microb Cell Fact. 2025; 24 (1): 99.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-025-02717-w"},{"key":"4507_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lal B et al. Specimen Collection, Processing, Culture, and Biochemical Identification of Acinetobacter spp. Acinetobacter baumannii: Methods and Protocols. 2019: pp. 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9118-1_1"},{"key":"4507_CR19","first-page":"20","volume":"100","author":"P Wayne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wayne P. CLSI performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. CLSI Supplements M. 2020;100:20\u201330.","journal-title":"CLSI Supplements M"},{"key":"4507_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.106234","volume":"101","author":"HF Marei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marei HF, Arafa MF, El Maghraby GM. Eudragit S100 coated surfactant vesicles for boosted oral bioavailability of Ticagrelor. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2024;101:106234.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"4507_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2024.108859","volume":"267","author":"I Sharifi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharifi I, et al. Preparation, characterization, and in vivo activity of Gossypium hirsutum niosomes against cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major in a murine model: parasite burden, gene expression, and histopathological profiling. Exp Parasitol. 2024;267:108859.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"4507_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115826","volume":"232","author":"RK Eid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eid RK, et al. Chitosan coated nanostructured lipid carriers for enhanced in vivo efficacy of albendazole against Trichinella spiralis. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;232:115826.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67509-5","volume":"14","author":"H Rezaei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rezaei H, et al. Formulation, preparation of niosome loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles and biological activities. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):16692.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4507_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.34172\/PS.2022.34","volume":"29","author":"K Morteza-Semnani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morteza-Semnani K, et al. Preparation and in-vitro evaluation of ketoconazole-loaded niosome (ketosome) for drug delivery to cutaneous candidiasis. Pharm Sci. 2022;29(2):208\u201318.","journal-title":"Pharm Sci"},{"key":"4507_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102035","volume":"60","author":"J Akbari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Akbari J, et al. Curcumin niosomes (curcusomes) as an alternative to conventional vehicles: a potential for efficient dermal delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2020;60:102035.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02861-6","volume":"23","author":"AMA Kamer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kamer AMA, et al. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activities of pyocyanin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: in vitro and in vivo study. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23(1):116.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"4507_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121639","volume":"322","author":"LA Al-Madboly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Madboly LA, et al. Characterization and genomic analysis of novel bacteriophage NK20 to revert colistin resistance and combat pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a rat respiratory infection model. Life Sci. 2023;322:121639.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"4507_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00990","volume":"10","author":"CJ Raorane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raorane CJ, et al. Antibiofilm and antivirulence efficacies of flavonoids and curcumin against Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:990.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4507_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15609","volume":"133","author":"SL Elshaer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elshaer SL, Shaldam MA, Shaaban MI. Ketoprofen, piroxicam and indomethacin-suppressed quorum sensing and virulence factors in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Appl Microbiol. 2022;133(4):2182\u201397.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4507_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5021178","volume":"5","author":"PP Vijayakumar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vijayakumar PP, Muriana PM. A microplate growth inhibition assay for screening bacteriocins against Listeria monocytogenes to differentiate their mode-of-action. Biomolecules. 2015;5(2):1178\u201394.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"4507_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.989667","volume":"13","author":"T Gani\u0107","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gani\u0107 T, et al. Cinnamon essential oil and its emulsion as efficient antibiofilm agents to combat Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:989667.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4507_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111660","volume":"9","author":"Y Nait Chabane","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nait Chabane Y, et al. Characterisation of pellicles formed by Acinetobacter baumannii at the air-liquid interface. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e111660.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4507_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00864","volume":"11","author":"KG Prasath","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prasath KG, et al. Palmitic acid inhibits the virulence factors of Candida tropicalis: biofilms, cell surface hydrophobicity, ergosterol biosynthesis, and enzymatic activity. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:864.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4507_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121085","volume":"310","author":"AMA Kamer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kamer AMA, et al. Characterization of newly isolated bacteriophage to control multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizing incision wounds in a rat model: in vitro and in vivo approach. Life Sci. 2022;310:121085.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"4507_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121362","volume":"315","author":"AA Abdelaziz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdelaziz AA, et al. Exploring the potential efficacy of phage therapy for biocontrol of foodborne pathogenic extensively drug-resistant Escherichia coli in Gastrointestinal tract of rat model. Life Sci. 2023;315:121362.","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"4507_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11081006","volume":"11","author":"E Eger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eger E, et al. Highly virulent and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli sequence type 58 from a sausage in Germany. Antibiotics. 2022;11(8):1006.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-51499-5","volume":"14","author":"PAA de Oliveira","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Oliveira PAA, et al. Selection and validation of reference genes suitable for gene expression analysis by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR in Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):3830.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"4507_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00829","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00829-22","volume":"10","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Y, et al. CRISPR-Cas in Acinetobacter baumannii contributes to antibiotic susceptibility by targeting endogenous AbaI. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(4):e00829\u201322.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29291-z","volume":"8","author":"A Kaur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaur A, Sharma P, Capalash N. Curcumin alleviates persistence of Acinetobacter baumannii against colistin. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):11029.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"4507_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz034","volume":"74","author":"ES Chung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chung ES, Ko KS. Eradication of persister cells of Acinetobacter baumannii through combination of colistin and amikacin antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74(5):1277\u201383.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"4507_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S334200","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang H, et al. In vitro and in vivo activity of combinations of polymyxin B with other antimicrobials against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Infect Drug Resist. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S334200.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"12","key":"4507_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260627","volume":"16","author":"G Bergamini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bergamini G, et al. Mouse pneumonia model by Acinetobacter baumannii multidrug resistant strains: comparison between intranasal inoculation, intratracheal instillation and oropharyngeal aspiration techniques. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(12):e0260627.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"4507_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","volume":"18","author":"A-P Magiorakos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Magiorakos A-P, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"4507_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14060551","volume":"14","author":"N Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu N, Ma X, Ni W. Hypervirulent Acinetobacter baumannii (hvAB): the convergence of virulence and multidrug resistance. Antibiotics. 2025;14(6):551.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"10","key":"4507_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p1931","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101931","volume":"11","author":"C Molteni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Molteni C, La Motta C, Valoppi F. Improving the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carotenoids by means of nanostructured delivery systems: a comprehensive review. Antioxidants. 2022;11(10):p1931.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"5","key":"4507_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-023-02423-w","volume":"34","author":"MP Izhar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Izhar MP, et al. Drug delivery through niosomes: a comprehensive review with therapeutic applications. J Cluster Sci. 2023;34(5):2257\u201373.","journal-title":"J Cluster Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4507_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01489K","volume":"11","author":"C Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, et al. Nanocarriers for the delivery of antibiotics into cells against intracellular bacterial infection. Biomater Sci. 2023;11(2):432\u201344.","journal-title":"Biomater Sci"},{"key":"4507_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135022","author":"I Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh I, et al. Overcoming resistance: chitosan-modified liposomes as targeted drug carriers in the fight against multidrug resistant bacteria-a review. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135022.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4507_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiri S et al. Exploring the use of saponin as a biosurfactant for formulating Niosomal carriers to regulate the release of Berberine. J Dispers Sci Technol. 2025: pp. 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2025.2462691"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9933465","volume":"2024","author":"N Cakir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cakir N, et al. Optimizing niosomal formulations for enhanced cellular applications: a comparative case study with L-\u03b1\u2010lecithin liposomes. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci. 2024;2024(1):9933465.","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci"},{"key":"4507_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/adb2cf","author":"B Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang B, et al. Chitosan hydrochloride coated and nonionic surfactant modified niosomes: a better way for oral administration of semaglutide. Biomed Mater. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1748-605X\/adb2cf.","journal-title":"Biomed Mater"},{"key":"4507_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kianinejad N, et al. Preparation and characterization of niosomes for the delivery of a lipophilic model drug: comparative stability study with liposomes against phospholipase-A2. J Liposome Res. 2024(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08982104.2024.2410748.","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2024.2410748"},{"issue":"9","key":"4507_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2024.2409167","volume":"50","author":"G Saad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saad G, El GM, Maghraby, Sultan AA. Olive oil and flaxseed oil incorporating niosomes for enhanced in vivo anti-diabetic efficacy of Canagliflozin. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2024;50(9):801\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"4507_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farhana A et al. Antioxidant and Prooxidant Functions of Carotenoids in Human Health: Trigger Factors, Mechanism and Application, in Recent Advances in Phytochemical Research. 2025, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1008739"},{"issue":"3","key":"4507_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030264","volume":"9","author":"HS Black","year":"2020","unstructured":"Black HS, et al. The benefits and risks of certain dietary carotenoids that exhibit both anti-and pro-oxidative mechanisms\u2014a comprehensive review. Antioxidants. 2020;9(3):264.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3329\/dujps.v14i1.23744","volume":"14","author":"K Begum","year":"2015","unstructured":"Begum K, et al. Rifampicin niosome: preparations, characterizations and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from acne. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci. 2015;14(1):117\u201323.","journal-title":"Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"4507_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118580","volume":"569","author":"R Ghafelehbashi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghafelehbashi R, et al. Preparation, physicochemical properties, in vitro evaluation and release behavior of cephalexin-loaded niosomes. Int J Pharm. 2019;569:118580.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"4507_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1277533","volume":"14","author":"M Khaleghian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khaleghian M, et al. In silico design and mechanistic study of niosome-encapsulated Curcumin against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1277533.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-024-00874-1","volume":"24","author":"J Hemmati","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hemmati J, et al. Antibacterial and antibiofilm potentials of vancomycin-loaded niosomal drug delivery system against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. BMC Biotechnol. 2024;24(1):47.","journal-title":"BMC Biotechnol"},{"key":"4507_CR60","unstructured":"Mehdipour E, Iranbakhsh A, Mirzaie A. Formulation, characterization and co-delivery of Curcuminrosemary loaded niosomes to enhance antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strains. Nanomed J. 2025; 12(2): 313."},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR61","first-page":"39","volume":"57","author":"R Bakhtiari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bakhtiari R, et al. Enhanced antimicrobial effects of carvacrol against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains using niosome formulations. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2025;57(1):39\u201348.","journal-title":"Rev Argent Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4507_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13399","volume":"132","author":"N Naseef Pathoor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Naseef Pathoor N, et al. Understanding the biofilm development of Acinetobacter baumannii and novel strategies to combat infection. APMIS. 2024;132(5):317\u201335.","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"4507_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109551","volume":"115","author":"F Shamkani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shamkani F, et al. Enhanced anti-biofilm activity of the minocycline-and-gallium-nitrate using niosome wrapping against Acinetobacter baumannii in C57\/BL6 mouse pneumonia model. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023;115:109551.","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"4507_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35651","author":"K Paseban","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paseban K, et al. Preparation and optimization of niosome encapsulated meropenem for significant antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Heliyon. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35651.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"4507_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.107170","volume":"198","author":"R Dakwa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dakwa R, Mozirandi W, Mukanganyama S. Antibacterial activity of Azanza garckeana extracts (Malvaceae) in vitro and their potential use in respiratory infections. Microb Pathog. 2025;198:107170.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"4507_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127032","volume":"260","author":"SKK Law","year":"2022","unstructured":"Law SKK, Tan HS. The role of quorum sensing, biofilm formation, and iron acquisition as key virulence mechanisms in Acinetobacter baumannii and the corresponding anti-virulence strategies. Microbiol Res. 2022;260:127032.","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"4507_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.679241","volume":"12","author":"X Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun X, et al. The abaI\/abaR quorum sensing system effects on pathogenicity in Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:679241.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4507_CR68","first-page":"276","volume":"56","author":"S Namasivayam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Namasivayam S, et al. In Silico and in vitro analysis of quorum quenching active phytochemicals from the ethanolic extract of medicinal plants against quorum sensing mediated virulence factors of Acinetobacter baumannii. Indian J Biochem Biophys (IJBB). 2019;56(4):276\u201386.","journal-title":"Indian J Biochem Biophys (IJBB)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72740-1","volume":"14","author":"P Pumirat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pumirat P, et al. Impact of AbaI mutation on virulence, biofilm development, and antibiotic susceptibility in Acinetobacter baumannii. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):21521.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4507_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02904-y","volume":"23","author":"BL Schmitt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmitt BL, et al. Increased OmpW and OmpA expression and higher virulence of Acinetobacter baumannii persister cells. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23(1):157.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4507_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01126-8","volume":"7","author":"W Huo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huo W, et al. Immunosuppression broadens evolutionary pathways to drug resistance and treatment failure during Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia in mice. Nat Microbiol. 2022;7(6):796\u2013809.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"4507_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2151-7","volume":"18","author":"C-C Tsai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsai C-C, et al. Using the Chinese herb scutellaria Barbata against extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: in vitro and in vivo studies. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18:1\u201311.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04507-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04507-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04507-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T11:02:15Z","timestamp":1765623735000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04507-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4507"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04507-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We obtained an informed consent from Faculty of Pharmacy at Tanta University to use the animals, and the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Tanta University (approval code, TP\/RE\/6\/25 p-002) approved the care and use of animals in this study and the procedures in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. This study is devoid of any involvement with human participants, human data, or human tissue. The clinical isolates were sourced from microbiological laboratories within the Tanta University hospitals, ensuring no access to patient data or personal contact with patients, and we obtained them as unnamed bacteria on agar media. Therefore, humans did not directly participate, and obtaining informed consent to participate was waived for this study by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Pharmacy at Tanta University. However, our study complies with Helsinki\u2019s Ethical Principles for Medical Research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"791"}}