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In dairy farming,\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli (E. coli)<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species are of particular concern as they frequently exhibit multidrug resistance and produce extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL). Despite their growing public health significance, limited data exist on their distribution in Ethiopia, particularly in the Tigray region. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in dairy farm environments in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2024 and May 2025, analyzing 712 samples from raw bulk tank milk, milk-container swabs, water, and milkers\u2019 stool, each 178.\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were isolated and identified using standard culture and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method according to CLSI (2024), and ESBL production was confirmed using the phenotypic double-disk synergy test (DDST). Isolates resistant to one or more antibiotics in three or more antimicrobial classes were classified as Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR). Data were processed and analyzed using SPSS version 26.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 712 samples, 494 (69.4%) were positive for either\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., with\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (49.6%) predominating over\n                      <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (10.3%) and\n                      <jats:italic>K. oxytoca<\/jats:italic>\n                      (9.6%). High resistance levels were observed to tetracycline (62.9%), amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid (31.2%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (27.7%), while resistance to meropenem remained low (2.4%). Overall, 32.4% of isolates were MDR, with the highest rates in\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (32.0%). ESBL production was detected in 53 (10.7%) of isolates, across all sample types and locations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study revealed a high prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in dairy farm environments, with a considerable proportion of MDR and ESBL producers. This poses a serious concern for food safety and public health. These findings highlight the urgent need to enhance hygiene, antimicrobial stewardship, and integrated One Health-based surveillance along the dairy value chain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04643-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T04:01:53Z","timestamp":1766203313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp in dairy farm in the Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Goyitom Gebremedhn","family":"Gebru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Muthupandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enqubaher","family":"Kassaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"4643_CR1","volume-title":"Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report 2022","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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Available from: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/fao-who-codexalimentarius."}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04643-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04643-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04643-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T15:02:51Z","timestamp":1769439771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04643-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04643-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Tigray Health Research Institute (Ref No.: THRI\/59\/2024). Permission for specimen collection from the dairy farms was obtained from the Livestock Development Department of the Tigray Regional Agriculture Bureau, in compliance with regional legislation regarding research and specimen collection. In addition, the owners of the participating dairy farms consented to the collection of samples from their animals, environments, and workers.The study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Before sample collection, all participating dairy farm owners and\/or milkers were informed about the purpose of the study, the type and method of sample collection, and any potential benefits or risks associated with their participation. Oral informed consent was obtained from each participant, as approved by the IRB.To safeguard participant privacy, strict confidentiality was maintained for all collected data, including demographic information and microbiological analysis outcomes. Anonymity was ensured by securely de-identifying all personal identifiers from the dataset during data processing, statistical analysis, and report writing.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"55"}}