{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:02:27Z","timestamp":1792803747258,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YQ2023H012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ2023H012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PL2024H135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL2024H135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LH2023H033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2023H033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82001488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82001488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Harbin Medical University","award":["YJSCX2025-117HYD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YJSCX2025-117HYD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04667-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T10:53:23Z","timestamp":1768820003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Subglottic microbiota in periodontitis patients undergoing short-term endotracheal intubation: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yuanbo","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chubo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HuiShu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congmin","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4667_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718222","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.718222","volume":"8","author":"J Dong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dong J, Li W, Wang Q, Chen J, Zu Y, Zhou X, Guo Q. Relationships between oral microecosystem and respiratory diseases. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:718222.","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"issue":"32","key":"4667_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2203115","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203115","volume":"9","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wu Y, Liu J, Yang Y, Li H, Wu X, Zheng X, Liang Y, Tu C, Chen M, et al. Differential oral microbial input determines two microbiota Pneumo-Types associated with health status. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9(32):e2203115.","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"4667_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16031","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.31","volume":"1","author":"LN Segal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Segal LN, Clemente JC, Tsay JC, Koralov SB, Keller BC, Wu BG, Li Y, Shen N, Ghedin E, Morris A, et al. Enrichment of the lung Microbiome with oral taxa is associated with lung inflammation of a Th17 phenotype. Nat Microbiol. 2016;1:16031.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4667_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-5153.2011.00465.x","volume":"16","author":"N Roberts","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roberts N, Moule P. Chlorhexidine and tooth-brushing as prevention strategies in reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia rates. Nurs Crit Care. 2011;16(6):295\u2013302.","journal-title":"Nurs Crit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"4667_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1086\/593193","volume":"47","author":"SM Heo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Heo SM, Haase EM, Lesse AJ, Gill SR, Scannapieco FA. Genetic relationships between respiratory pathogens isolated from dental plaque and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients in the intensive care unit undergoing mechanical ventilation. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(12):1562\u201370.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"4667_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02617-9","volume":"29","author":"E Montassier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Montassier E, Kitsios GD, Radder JE, Le Bastard Q, Kelly BJ, Panzer A, Lynch SV, Calfee CS, Dickson RP, Roquilly A. Robust airway Microbiome signatures in acute respiratory failure and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Nat Med. 2023;29(11):2793\u2013804.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324725","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2017.1324725","volume":"9","author":"X Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu X, Chen J, Xu M, Zhu D, Wang X, Chen Y, Wu J, Cui C, Zhang W, Yu L. 16S rDNA analysis of periodontal plaque in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and periodontitis patients. J Oral Microbiol. 2017;9(1):1324725.","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"4667_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0151-8","volume":"4","author":"BJ Kelly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kelly BJ, Imai I, Bittinger K, Laughlin A, Fuchs BD, Bushman FD, et al. Composition and dynamics of the respiratory tract microbiome in intubated patients. Microbiome. 2016;4:7.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"5","key":"4667_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01678.x","volume":"13","author":"JE Berdal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berdal JE, Bjornholt J, Blomfeldt A, Smith-Erichsen N, Bukholm G. Patterns and dynamics of airway colonisation in mechanically-ventilated patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(5):476\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"8","key":"4667_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.19-0570","volume":"92","author":"CMR Morillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Morillo CMR, Saraiva L, Romito GA, Pannuti CM, Oliveira HP, Peres M, et al. Periodontopathogenic bacteria in subglottic samples from patients undergoing elective intubation for general anesthesia: a pilot study. J Periodontol. 2021;92(8):e94-102.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-020-00757-x","volume":"77","author":"M Minty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Minty M, Loubieres P, Canceill T, Azalbert V, Burcelin R, Terce F, Blasco-Baque V. Gender-associated differences in oral microbiota and salivary biochemical parameters in response to feeding. J Physiol Biochem. 2021;77(1):155\u201366.","journal-title":"J Physiol Biochem"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4667_CR12","first-page":"S159","volume":"89","author":"MS Tonetti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tonetti MS, Greenwell H, Kornman KS. Staging and grading of periodontitis: framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition. J Periodontol. 2018;89(Suppl 1):S159\u201372.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04051-w","volume":"24","author":"Z Yuanbo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yuanbo Z, Tianyi L, Xuejing S, Xinpeng L, Jianqun W, Wenxia X, Jingshu G. Using formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue to characterize the microbiota in p16-positive and p16-negative tongue squamous cell carcinoma: a pilot study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):283.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"4667_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00442","volume":"8","author":"Q Jiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiang Q, Liu J, Chen L, Gan N, Yang D. The oral Microbiome in the elderly with dental caries and health. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:442.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4667_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e236","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.236","volume":"3","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Liu YX, Li X. USEARCH 12: Open-source software for sequencing analysis in bioinformatics and Microbiome. Imeta. 2024;3(5):e236.","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"issue":"9","key":"4667_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676","volume":"31","author":"MG Langille","year":"2013","unstructured":"Langille MG, Zaneveld J, Caporaso JG, McDonald D, Knights D, Reyes JA, Clemente JC, Burkepile DE, Vega Thurber RL, Knight R, et al. Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences. Nat Biotechnol. 2013;31(9):814\u201321.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02642-z","volume":"18","author":"MG Baek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baek MG, Woo SJ, Kim NE, Baek C, Won S, Kim Y, Lee JJ, Yi H, Hong JY. Respiratory Microbiome profiles differ by recent hospitalization and nursing home residence in patients on mechanical ventilation. J Transl Med. 2020;18(1):464.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02086-7","volume":"23","author":"EA Cifuentes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cifuentes EA, Sierra MA, Yepes AF, Baldion AM, Rojas JA, Alvarez-Moreno CA, Anzola JM, Zambrano MM, Huertas MG. Endotracheal tube Microbiome in hospitalized patients defined largely by hospital environment. Respir Res. 2022;23(1):168.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48819-8","volume":"15","author":"GD Kitsios","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kitsios GD, Sayed K, Fitch A, Yang H, Britton N, Shah F, Bain W, Evankovich JW, Qin S, Wang X, et al. Longitudinal multicompartment characterization of host-microbiota interactions in patients with acute respiratory failure. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):4708.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10825-6","volume":"25","author":"A Kritikos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kritikos A, Bernasconi E, Choi Y, Scherz V, Pagani JL, Greub G, Bertelli C, Guery B. Lung and gut microbiota profiling in intensive care unit patients: a prospective pilot study. BMC Infect Dis. 2025;25(1):468.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"4667_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959416","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.959416","volume":"13","author":"Y Wei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei Y, Shi M, Nie Y, Wang C, Sun F, Jiang W, Hu W, Wu X. Integrated analysis of the salivary Microbiome and metabolome in chronic and aggressive periodontitis: A pilot study. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:959416.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4667_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12190","volume":"41","author":"D Belstrom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Belstrom D, Fiehn NE, Nielsen CH, Kirkby N, Twetman S, Klepac-Ceraj V, Paster BJ, Holmstrup P. Differences in bacterial saliva profile between periodontitis patients and a control cohort. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41(2):104\u201312.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4667_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.10.006","volume":"10","author":"G Hajishengallis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hajishengallis G, Liang S, Payne MA, Hashim A, Jotwani R, Eskan MA, McIntosh ML, Alsam A, Kirkwood KL, Lambris JD, et al. Low-abundance biofilm species orchestrates inflammatory periodontal disease through the commensal microbiota and complement. Cell Host Microbe. 2011;10(5):497\u2013506.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"4667_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9351507","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9351507","volume":"2017","author":"G Rizzatti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rizzatti G, Lopetuso LR, Gibiino G, Binda C, Gasbarrini A. Proteobacteria: A common factor in human diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:9351507.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"4667_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2012.1746","volume":"138","author":"CA Puyo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Puyo CA, Dahms TE. Innate immunity mediating inflammation secondary to endotracheal intubation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138(9):854\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"4667_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174480691773169","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806917731696","volume":"13","author":"CA Puyo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puyo CA, Peruzzi D, Earhart A, Roller E, Karanikolas M, Kollef MH, Krupnick AS, Kreisel D, Ibrahim M, Gelman AE. Endotracheal tube-induced sore throat pain and inflammation is coupled to the release of mitochondrial DNA. Mol Pain. 2017;13:1744806917731696.","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00331.x","volume":"54","author":"B Henderson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Henderson B, Ward JM, Ready D. Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans: a triple A* periodontopathogen? Periodontol 2000. 2010;54(1):78\u2013105.","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"4667_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2014.999567","volume":"6","author":"C Zenobia","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zenobia C, Hajishengallis G. Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factors involved in subversion of leukocytes and microbial dysbiosis. Virulence. 2015;6(3):236\u201343.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2009.00332.x","volume":"54","author":"A Sharma","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharma A. Virulence mechanisms of Tannerella forsythia. Periodontol 2000. 2010;54(1):106\u201316.","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"issue":"17","key":"4667_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2882","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv287","volume":"31","author":"KP Asshauer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Asshauer KP, Wemheuer B, Daniel R, Meinicke P. Tax4Fun: predicting functional profiles from metagenomic 16S rRNA data. Bioinformatics. 2015;31(17):2882\u20134.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4667_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-1021-5","volume":"19","author":"K Otsuji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Otsuji K, Fukuda K, Ogawa M, Fujino Y, Kamochi M, Saito M. Dynamics of microbiota during mechanical ventilation in aspiration pneumonia. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):260.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"4667_CR32","first-page":"8124593","volume":"2021","author":"YQ Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao YQ, Zhou YH, Zhao J, Feng Y, Gao ZR, Ye Q, Liu Q, Chen Y, Zhang SH, Tan L, et al. Sex variations in the oral microbiomes of youths with severe periodontitis. J Immunol Res. 2021;2021:8124593.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04667-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04667-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04667-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T09:21:32Z","timestamp":1772443292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04667-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-025-04667-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The ethical approval for our study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Approval NO.KY2022-181). All participants provided written informed consent before their participation. This study was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Clinical trial number: not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"181"}}