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The Research Ethics Committee approved all techniques used in this study, and the studies were conducted in accordance with institutional regulations and guidelines.All samples were collected, and informed consent was not required as they form part of samples submitted at ARC: OVR for routine diagnostic and regulatory surveillance at farms or abattoirs.No administrative permissions were required to collect the samples, as the study did not involve the killing of animals. Ethical approval for this study was granted by the University of South Africa (UNISA) under clearance number UNISA-2022\/CAES_HREC\/17\n                      7\n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"370"}}