{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:39:01Z","timestamp":1791999541924,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":76,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009168","name":"Nepal Academy of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04713-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T04:52:59Z","timestamp":1768279979000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular detection of antibiotic resistance genes in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry farms of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Padma","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bijay","family":"Bajracharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deena","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajit Kumar","family":"Karna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kusha","family":"Gurung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushmita","family":"Ghimire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"4713_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1077192","volume":"57","author":"M Ferri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferri M, Ranucci E, Romagnoli P, Giaccone V. Antimicrobial resistance: A global emerging threat to public health systems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2017;57(13):2857\u201376.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"4713_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-11","volume":"24","author":"BM Marshall","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marshall BM, Levy SB. Food animals and antimicrobials: impacts on human health. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24(4):718\u201333.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"10325","key":"4713_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","volume":"399","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2022","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Aguilar GR, Gray A, et al.. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399(10325):629\u201355.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"4713_CR4","first-page":"511","volume":"40","author":"U Magnusson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magnusson U, Moodley A, Osbjer K. Antimicrobial resistance at the livestock-human interface: implications for veterinary Services. Revue scientifique et technique. (International Office Epizootics). 2021;40(2):511\u201321.","journal-title":"(International Office Epizootics)"},{"key":"4713_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alagawany M, Abd El Hack ME, Saeed M, Khan MS, Kamboh AA, Siddique F, et al. Hazards of using antibiotic growth promoters in the poultry Industry. InAntibiotic alternatives in poultry and fish feed. Bentham Science. 2022;31:1\u201318.","DOI":"10.2174\/9789815049015122010004"},{"issue":"4","key":"4713_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199958040-00002","volume":"58","author":"AE van den Bogaard","year":"1999","unstructured":"van den Bogaard AE, Stobberingh EE. Antibiotic usage in animals: impact on bacterial resistance and public health. Drugs. 1999;58(4):589\u2013607.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"1","key":"4713_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1878688","volume":"12","author":"GY Cheung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheung GY, Bae JS, Otto M. Pathogenicity and virulence of Staphylococcus aureus. Virulence. 2021;12(1):547\u201369.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"4713_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haag AF, Fitzgerald JR, Penad\u00e9s JR. Staphylococcus aureus in animals. Microbiol Spectr. 2019;7(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0060-2019.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0060-2019"},{"key":"4713_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(07)72175-1","volume":"29","author":"AL Casey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Casey AL, Lambert PA, Elliott TS. Staphylococci Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007;29:S23\u201332.","journal-title":"Staphylococci Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"4713_CR10","unstructured":"Olayinka BO, Bala HK, Ehinmidu JO, Onaolapo JA. Multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from poultry farms in Zaria, Nigeria. 14th International Symposium on Staphylococci and Staphylococcal Infections, Bath; 2010 (pp. 6\u20139)."},{"key":"4713_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0590-4","volume":"14","author":"CJ Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim CJ, Kim HB, Oh MD, Kim Y, Kim A, Oh SH, et al. The burden of nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection in South korea: a prospective hospital-based nationwide study. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:1\u20139.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"4713_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14","volume":"28","author":"SY Tong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tong SY, Davis JS, Eichenberger E, Holland TL, Fowler VG Jr. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(3):603\u201361.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"4713_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1086\/502522","volume":"26","author":"SE Cosgrove","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y. The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26(2):166\u201374.","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9538","key":"4713_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68853-3","volume":"368","author":"H Grundmann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grundmann H, Aires-De-Sousa M, Boyce J, Tiemersma E. Emergence and resurgence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a public-health threat. Lancet. 2006;368(9538):874\u201385.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"4713_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"FSO464","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2019-0122","volume":"6","author":"RR Gurung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gurung RR, Maharjan P, Chhetri GG. Antibiotic resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus with reference to MRSA isolates from pediatric patients. Future Sci OA. 2020;6(4):FSO464.","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"4713_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harun AB, Khatri B, Karim MR. Phenotypic and genotypic pattern of antimicrobial resistance in livestock and poultry in South asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Control. 2024 May;11:110575.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2024.110575"},{"issue":"11","key":"4713_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0275856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275856","volume":"17","author":"MZ Islam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Islam MZ, Islam MS, Kundu LR, Ahmed A, Hsan K, Pardhan S, et al. Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding antimicrobial usage, spread and resistance emergence in commercial poultry farms of Rajshahi district in Bangladesh. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(11):e0275856.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"4713_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7090249","volume":"7","author":"P Koju","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koju P, Shrestha R, Shrestha A, Tamrakar S, Rai A, Shrestha P, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in E. coli isolated from chicken cecum samples and factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance in Nepal. Trop Med Infect Disease. 2022;7(9):249.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Disease"},{"key":"4713_CR19","unstructured":"Ramdam N. Study of antimicrobial use pattern, residue and resistance in poultry of Nepal.(M.V. Sc. Pharmacology thesis). Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Nepal. 2015."},{"key":"4713_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00105","volume":"6","author":"KP Acharya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Acharya KP, Wilson RT. Antimicrobial resistance in Nepal. Front Med. 2019;6:105.","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"4713_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-021-00187-2","volume":"6","author":"AS Lambrou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lambrou AS, Innes GK, O\u2019Sullivan L, Luitel H, Bhattarai RK, et al. Policy implications for awareness gaps in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and antimicrobial use among commercial Nepalese poultry producers. Global Health Res Policy. 2021;6:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Global Health Res Policy"},{"key":"4713_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ruzauskas M, Suziedeliene E, Siugzdiniene R, Seputiene V, Povilonis J. Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. spread in poultry products in Lithuania. Journal of Food Safety. 2010; 30(4):902\u2013915. Available: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-4565.2010.00249.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4565.2010.00249.x"},{"issue":"10","key":"4713_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.46.10.1306","volume":"46","author":"CG Durbin","year":"1956","unstructured":"Durbin CG. Antibiotics in food preservation. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1956;46(10):1306\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health Nations Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4713_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2017.00058.0","volume":"10","author":"DT Herve","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herve DT, Kumar G. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in retail chicken meat samples in Jalandhar, Punjab. Res J Pharma Tech. 2017;10(1):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Res J Pharma Tech"},{"issue":"3","key":"4713_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030636","volume":"9","author":"MS Parvin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parvin MS, Ali MY, Talukder S, Nahar A, Chowdhury EH, Rahman MT, et al. Prevalence and multidrug resistance pattern of methicillin resistant S. aureus isolated from frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh. Microorganisms. 2021;9(3):636.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"4713_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3126\/njst.v22i1.67160","volume":"22","author":"D Neupane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Neupane D, Thapa J, Neupane S, Dulal N, Kathet S, Sudeep KC, et al. Multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in marketed Raw meat in Kathmandu Valley. Nepal J Sci Technol. 2023;22(1):38\u201343.","journal-title":"Nepal J Sci Technol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4713_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.04.009","volume":"14","author":"H Heuer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heuer H, Schmitt H, Smalla K. Antibiotic resistance gene spread due to manure application on agricultural fields. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2011;14(3):236\u201343.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"4713_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113183","volume":"255","author":"S Petrin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petrin S, Patuzzi I, Di Cesare A, Tiengo A, Sette G, Biancotto G, et al. Evaluation and quantification of antimicrobial residues and antimicrobial resistance genes in two Italian swine farms. Environ Pollut. 2019;255:113183.","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4713_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.05.005","volume":"180","author":"M Duan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duan M, Gu J, Wang X, Li Y, Zhang R, Hu T, et al. Factors that affect the occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in soils from livestock and poultry farms. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019;180:114\u201322.","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"4713_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081377","volume":"13","author":"N Upadhyaya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Upadhyaya N, Karki S, Rana S, Elsohaby I, Tiwari R, Oli M, et al. Trend of antimicrobial use in food-producing animals from 2018 to 2020 in Nepal. Animals. 2023;13(8):1377.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"2","key":"4713_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020047","volume":"6","author":"A Koirala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koirala A, Bhandari P, Shewade HD, Tao W, Thapa B, Terry R, et al. Antibiotic use in broiler poultry farms in Kathmandu Valley of nepal: which antibiotics and why? Trop Med Infect Disease. 2021;6(2):47.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Disease"},{"key":"4713_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheesbrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries, part 2. 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press , Cambridge; 2005.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581304"},{"key":"4713_CR33","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility Testing; 28th informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S28","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility Testing; 28th informational Supplement. CLSI document M100-S28. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2018."},{"issue":"5","key":"4713_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2014.11.015","volume":"33","author":"J Rodr\u00edguez-Ba\u00f1o","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Ba\u00f1o J, Cisneros JM, Cobos-Trigueros N, Fresco G, Navarro-San Francisco C, Gudiol C, et al. Diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment of invasive infections due to multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2015;33(5):337\u2013e1. Guidelines of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology.","journal-title":"Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin"},{"key":"4713_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gautam A. Phenol-chloroform DNA isolation method. In DNA and RNA isolation techniques for Non-Experts . Cham: Springer International Publishing ; 2022. p. 33\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-94230-4_3"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"4713_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.01.003","volume":"145","author":"HJ Koo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Koo HJ, Woo GJ. Distribution and transferability of Tetracycline resistance determinants in Escherichia coli isolated from meat and meat products. Int J Food Microbiol. 2011;145(2\u20133):407\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4713_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3126\/jist.v24i2.27255","volume":"24","author":"R Timsina","year":"2019","unstructured":"Timsina R, Timalsina B, Singh A. Screening of erm gene of inducible clindamycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Inst Sci Technol. 2019;24(2):39\u201343.","journal-title":"J Inst Sci Technol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4713_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2017.1205-1211","volume":"10","author":"FR El Seedy","year":"2017","unstructured":"El Seedy FR, Samy AA, Salam HS, Khairy EA, Koraney AA. Polymerase chain reaction detection of genes responsible for multiple antibiotic resistance Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food of animal origin in Egypt. Veterinary World. 2017;10(10):1205.","journal-title":"Veterinary World"},{"issue":"12","key":"4713_CR39","first-page":"306","volume":"17","author":"A Sawadogo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sawadogo A, Kagamb\u00e8ga A, Soro D, Bognini H, Dione M, Ciss\u00e9 H, Dieni I, Barro N, Prevalence. Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from layer farms (eggs, droppings\/litter) in the outskirts of the City of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2023;17(12):306\u201313.","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4713_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00327","volume":"88","author":"TS Dhanarani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dhanarani TS, Shankar C, Park J, Dexilin M, Kumar RR, Thamaraiselvi K. Study on acquisition of bacterial antibiotic resistance determinants in poultry litter. Poult Sci. 2009;88(7):1381\u20137.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"4713_CR41","unstructured":"Neupane R, Kaphle K. Bacteriological quality of poultry meat in Nepal. Int J Vet Sci. 2019."},{"key":"4713_CR42","unstructured":"Acharya KR. Antimicrobial Residue and Prevalence of Indicator Bacteria Having Antimicrobial Resistance Isolated from Marketed Poultry in Kathmandu, Nepal. Ph.D. Thesis, Chiang Mai University and Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2011. Available online: http:\/\/cmuir.cmu.ac.th\/bitstream\/6653943832\/35850\/2\/vph20911ak_abs.pdf. Accessed on 13 March 2022."},{"key":"4713_CR43","volume-title":"Chicken droppings in Abakaliki","author":"A Nworie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nworie A, Makinde FE, Okeke KC, Wodi C, Okoro GU, Obi IA, et al. Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Staphylooccus aureus (MRSA). Chicken droppings in Abakaliki. Nigeria: Ebonyi State; 2014."},{"issue":"3","key":"4713_CR44","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"A Nworie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nworie A, Elom MO, Gideon IA, Azi SO, Okekpa SI, Ukwah BN, et al. Multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus from poultry farms in Ebonyi state. Nigeria Int J Micro Biol Genet Monocul Biol Res. 2016;2(3):1\u20131.","journal-title":"Nigeria Int J Micro Biol Genet Monocul Biol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4713_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/mrji\/2019\/v29i130154","volume":"29","author":"MA Akhi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akhi MA, Das NC, Banik A, Abony M, Juthi M, Uddin ME. Detection of drug-resistant S. aureus from poultry samples collected from different areas of Bangladesh. Microbiol Res J Int. 2019;29(1):1\u20130.","journal-title":"Microbiol Res J Int"},{"key":"4713_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9084334","volume":"2022","author":"F Abunna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abunna F, Adugna B, Tufa TB, Ayana D, Gutema FD, Waktole H, et al. Detection and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus species from chicken, chicken Litter, and humans in addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int. 2022;2022:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9084334.","journal-title":"Vet Med Int"},{"key":"4713_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.19087\/jveteriner.2021.22.2.262","volume":"22","author":"NSP Hermana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hermana NSP, Afiff U, Safika S, Indrawati A, Pasaribu FH. Antibiotic resistant pattern and resistant gene identification of Staphylococcus aureus from chicken farm in Bogor. Jurnal Veteriner. 2021;22:262\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19087\/jveteriner.2021.22.2.262.","journal-title":"Jurnal Veteriner"},{"key":"4713_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2022.100407","volume":"15","author":"S Rao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rao S, Linke L, Magnuson R, Jauch L, Hyatt DR. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus aureus collected from livestock, poultry and humans. One Health. 2022;15:100407.","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"4713_CR49","unstructured":"Shah P. Detection of mec A gene among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from soil samples of poultry farm. Kathmandu: Master's Thesis, Tribhuvan University; 2023."},{"key":"4713_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1178636120972695","volume":"13","author":"SN Kandel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kandel SN, Adhikari N, Dhungel B, Shrestha UT, Angbuhang KB, Karki G, et al. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical specimens in a tertiary care hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Microbiol Insights. 2020;13:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Microbiol Insights"},{"issue":"237","key":"4713_CR51","first-page":"518","volume":"59","author":"LB Shrestha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shrestha LB, Syangtan G, Basnet A, Acharya KP, Chand AB, Pokhrel K. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Nepal. JNMA: J Nepal Med Association. 2021;59(237):518.","journal-title":"JNMA: J Nepal Med Association"},{"issue":"5","key":"4713_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101084","volume":"100","author":"CE Di Francesco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Francesco CE, Smoglica C, Profeta F, Farooq M, Di Giannatale E, Toscani T, et al. Research note: detection of antibiotic-resistance genes in commercial poultry and Turkey flocks from Italy. Poult Sci J. 2021;100(5):101084.","journal-title":"Poult Sci J"},{"key":"4713_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermana NS, Indrawati A, Wibawan IW, Pasaribu FH. Identification of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Antibiotic Resistance Gene of Staphylococcus aureus from Broiler Chicken Farm in Sukabumi and Cianjur Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. InIOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2023 May 1 (Vol. 1174, No. 1, p. 012021). IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1174\/1\/012021"},{"issue":"4","key":"4713_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1086\/324626","volume":"34","author":"R Leclercq","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leclercq R. Mechanisms of resistance to macrolides and lincosamides: nature of the resistance elements and their clinical implications. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34(4):482\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4713_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.2000.0320","volume":"14","author":"MS Nawaz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nawaz MS, Khan SA, Khan AA, Khambaty FM, Cerniglia CE. Comparative molecular analysis of erythromycin-resistance determinants in Staphylococcal isolates of poultry and human origin. Mol Cell Probes. 2000;14(5):311\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Cell Probes"},{"issue":"4","key":"4713_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00197-8","volume":"74","author":"FM Aarestrup","year":"2000","unstructured":"Aarestrup FM, Agers\u00f8 Y, Ahrens P, J\u00f8rgensen JC, Madsen M, Jensen LB. Antimicrobial susceptibility and presence of resistance genes in Staphylococci from poultry. Vet Microbiol. 2000;74(4):353\u201364.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4713_CR57","first-page":"4636121","volume":"2018","author":"S Bounar-Kechih","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bounar-Kechih S, Taha Hamdi M, Aggad H, Meguenni N, Cantekin Z. Carriage methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in poultry and cattle in Northern Algeria. Veterinary Med Int. 2018;2018(1):4636121.","journal-title":"Veterinary Med Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"4713_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0280150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280150","volume":"18","author":"JF Leinyuy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leinyuy JF, Ali IM, Ousenu K, Tume CB. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance related genes in E. coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella isolates from broilers in the West region of Cameroon. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(1):e0280150.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4713_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106342","volume":"184","author":"H Rasheed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rasheed H, Ijaz M, Ahmed A, Javed MU, Shah SF, Anwaar F. Discrepancies between phenotypic and genotypic identification methods of antibiotic resistant genes harboring Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog. 2023;184:106342.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04713-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04713-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04713-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T17:02:31Z","timestamp":1774890151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04713-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04713-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants, human biological materials or identifiable personal data; therefore, the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki are acknowledged but not directly applicable. As this study included only environmental sampling (litter and soil) from poultry farms, ethical approval for this research was obtained from the Nepal Veterinary Council (Reference No. 150\/2080\/81) to ensure ethical integrity and adherence to national regulations (Supplementary file 3). All procedures were conducted in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines and approved protocols. However, verbal informed consent was obtained from all poultry farm owners prior to sample collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Statements.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"291"}}