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Diabetic patients are more susceptible to colonization by opportunistic microorganisms due to impaired immune function, altered normal flora, and increased exposure to healthcare. This study aimed to investigate the nasal colonization of Gram-positive (\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and Gram-negative (\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) bacteria in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals, assessing phenotypic traits including antibiotic resistance and biofilm production, as well as investigating the presence of resistant genes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this cross-sectional study, nasal swabs were collected from 150 diabetic and 150 non-diabetic individuals. Isolates were identified and evaluated phenotypically (Antibiotic resistance using the disk diffusion method and biofilm formation by the microtiter plate method) and genotypically (resistance genes including\n                      <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) by PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The rate of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonization was higher in diabetics (18.7%) than in non-diabetics (12.7%) and MRSA colonization was significantly higher in diabetics (8% vs. 1.3%). High antibiotic resistance was not observed except for tetracycline (nearly 50%) in\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of MDR\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      between the diabetic (32.1%) and non-diabetic (31.6%) groups.\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonization was 3.3% in diabetics and 7.3% in non-diabetics. Although none were phenotypically ESBL-positive,\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>CTX<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>and bla<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>\n                      genes were present in about 40% of the isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasal MRSA colonization was more common among diabetic patients than non-diabetics. The findings of this study highlight the need for ongoing monitoring of nasal colonization of MRSA in different populations and settings, which may lead to the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies to control infections caused by nasal colonization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04751-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T01:25:39Z","timestamp":1770168339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The spectrum of nasal colonization: frequency and resistant patterns in diabetes versus non-diabetes population"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rabeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9975-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samaneh","family":"Shahrokh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mansour","family":"Siavash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"4751_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00269-13","volume":"57","author":"V Khodaverdian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khodaverdian V, Pesho M, Truitt B, Bollinger L, Patel P, Nithianantham S, Yu G, Delaney E, Jankowsky E, Shoham M. 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