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This study aimed to identify the morphological and molecular features of\n                    <jats:italic>Myxobolus bengalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and investigate the immunological changes in infected\n                    <jats:italic>Labeo catla<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Symptomatic fish showed signs of disease, including extreme lethargy, a slender body with a large head (growth retardation), and pale gills with the presence of whitish cysts in the gill lamellae. The Myxozoan parasite was isolated from infected\n                    <jats:italic>L. catla<\/jats:italic>\n                    tissue samples and preliminarily identified as\n                    <jats:italic>M. bengalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    based on morphology, 18S rRNA PCR sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. Tissue specimens were collected and underwent examination of immune-related gene expression (in the liver and kidney). The\n                    <jats:italic>M. bengalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores isolated from the gills were ellipsoidal, with ovoid polar capsules. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA region revealed a\u2009~\u20091700\u00a0bp fragment, confirming the parasite's identity and placing it within the same clade as other\n                    <jats:italic>M. bengalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. The transcription analysis of genes associated with inflammation (\n                    <jats:italic>TNF-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL-1\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>iNOS<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), immune activation (\n                    <jats:italic>TLR 4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>C3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MYD88<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NOD 1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and both innate and adaptive immune responses (\n                    <jats:italic>IFN\u2010\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Hsp70<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Mx<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IgM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) further highlights that\n                    <jats:italic>M. bengalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    modulates the expression of genes in the liver and kidney tissue samples of infected\n                    <jats:italic>L. catla<\/jats:italic>\n                    . There is limited data available on the host\u2013pathogen response during\n                    <jats:italic>M. bengalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection; thus, this study provides key insights into the morphology, pathogenicity, and immunological impacts of\n                    <jats:italic>M. bengalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in\n                    <jats:italic>L. catla<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04759-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T14:16:16Z","timestamp":1769523376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Outbreak of gill myxoboliosis causing mass mortality in Labeo catla: pathological effects and immune modulation in host"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Vikash","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basanta Kumar","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souvik","family":"Dhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anupam","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Payoja","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim Kumar","family":"Jana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"4759_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6537","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15524","volume":"52","author":"I Ahmad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmad I, Ahmed I, Reshi QM, Jan K, Gupta A, Dar SA, et al. 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