{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:32:13Z","timestamp":1777984333567,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04793-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T06:14:41Z","timestamp":1770099281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resistomes associated with transmissible bacterial pathogens in water and sediments from Oko-Agbon stream, Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"John O.","family":"Apeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel A.","family":"Meshach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwabusayo T.","family":"Fagbemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Modupeade C.","family":"Adetunji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael N.","family":"Aransiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph O.","family":"Shaibu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian A.","family":"Enwuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4793_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/bmrj\/2016\/22444","volume":"12","author":"BM Olowe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Olowe BM, Oluyege AO, Famurewa O. Prevalence of waterborne diseases and microbial assessment of drinking water quality in Ado-Ekiti and its environs, southwestern, Nigeria. Br Microbiol Res J. 2016;12(2):1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/bmrj\/2016\/22444.","journal-title":"Br Microbiol Res J"},{"key":"4793_CR2","first-page":"2201","volume":"1","author":"R Simon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Simon R, Adegoke AK, Adewale BA. Slum settlements regeneration in Lagos Mega-city: an overview of a waterfront Makoko community. Int J Educ Res. 2013;1:2201\u20136740. https:\/\/www.ijern.com. Vol.","journal-title":"Int J Educ Res"},{"key":"4793_CR3","first-page":"4","volume":"3","author":"AM Musyoki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Musyoki AM, Suleiman MA, Mbithi JN, John M. Water-Borne bacterial pathogens in surface waters of Nairobi river and health implication to communities downstream athi river. Environ Microbiol. 2013;3:4\u201310.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4793_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002698","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002698","volume":"15","author":"JA Fisher","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fisher JA, McManus LA, Cottingham MD, Kalbaugh JM, Wood MM, Monahan T, Walker RL. Healthy volunteers\u2019 perceptions of risk in US phase I clinical trials: A mixed-methods study. PLoS Med. 2018;15(11):e1002698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002698.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4793_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13100","volume":"24","author":"A Pr\u00fcss-\u00dcst\u00fcn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pr\u00fcss-\u00dcst\u00fcn A, Wolf J, Bartram J, Clasen T, Cumming O, Freeman MC, et al. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries. Trop Med Int Health. 2019;24(2):228\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13100.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"4793_CR6","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015:ISBN 978-92-4-150976-3."},{"issue":"16","key":"4793_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.5897\/ajmr12.2204","volume":"7","author":"T Hussain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hussain T, Roohi A, Munir S, Ahmed I, Khan JI, Edel-Hermann V, Kim K, Anees M. Biochemical characterization and identification of bacterial strains isolated from drinking water sources of Kohat, Pakistan. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2013;7(16):1579\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/ajmr12.2204.","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"4793_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/371208","volume":"2014","author":"SG Mulamattathil","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mulamattathil SG, Bezuidenhout C, Mbewe M, Ateba CN. Isolation of environmental bacteria from surface and drinking water in Mafikeng, South Africa, and characterization using their antibiotic resistance profiles. J Pathogens. 2014;2014:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/371208.","journal-title":"J Pathogens"},{"key":"4793_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101723","volume":"80","author":"GT Gessew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gessew GT, Desta AF, Adamu E. High burden of multidrug resistant bacteria detected in little Akaki river. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;80:101723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cimid.2021.101723.","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"4793_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215y.0000000030","volume":"109","author":"F Prestinaci","year":"2015","unstructured":"Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon. Pathogens Global Health. 2015;109(7):309\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2047773215y.0000000030.","journal-title":"Pathogens Global Health"},{"key":"4793_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7204013","volume":"2018","author":"ST Odonkor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Odonkor ST, Addo KK. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli isolated from drinking water sources. Int J Microbiol. 2018;2018:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/7204013.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4793_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v26i4.21","volume":"26","author":"AI Obiakara-Amaechi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Obiakara-Amaechi AI, Iyiola D, Oyem IM, Moruf RO, Chukwu LO. Bacterial indicators of contamination in highly impacted segment of tropical Lagoon, Southwest Nigeria. J Appl Sci Environ Manage. 2022;26(4):705\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/jasem.v26i4.21.","journal-title":"J Appl Sci Environ Manage"},{"key":"4793_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.5032","author":"AB Azhar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azhar AB, Khalid A, Shah S. The implications of extensive drug-resistant typhoid fever: a case report. Cureus. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.5032.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"4793_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.12691\/jephh-2-1-3","volume":"2","author":"A Ayeni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ayeni A. Domestic water Source, sanitation and high risk of bacteriological diseases in the urban slum: case of cholera in Makoko, Lagos, Nigeria. J Environ Pollution Hum Health. 2014;2(1):12\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12691\/jephh-2-1-3.","journal-title":"J Environ Pollution Hum Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4793_CR15","first-page":"75","volume":"13","author":"KM Adamu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adamu KM, Zhigun II, Iloba IK, Babadoko AM, Ikomi RB, Shuaibu R, Ayodapo KO, Ibrahim AA. Prevalence of bacteria isolates in water and some biota of Lapai-Agaie Dam, Nigeria. Sci World J. 2018;13(4):75\u201380.","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"4793_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alajo FO, Akinyosoye FA. Occurrence, physicochemical properties and antibiotic resistance patterns of enteric bacteria isolated from well water in Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria. Int J Pathogen Res. 2022;18\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/ijpr\/2022\/v10i430257.","DOI":"10.9734\/ijpr\/2022\/v10i430257"},{"issue":"2","key":"4793_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020147","volume":"12","author":"T Stachurov\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stachurov\u00e1 T, S\u00fdkorov\u00e1 N, Semer\u00e1d J, Malachov\u00e1 K. Resistant genes and Multidrug-Resistant bacteria in wastewater: A study of their transfer to the water reservoir in the Czech Republic. Life. 2022;12(2):147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12020147.","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"4793_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meregini-Ikechukwu PC, Ogbonna DN, Akani NP. Water quality assessment of Elechi creek receiving effluent discharges from industrial activities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. J Adv Microbiol. 2020;21\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/jamb\/2020\/v20i830272.","DOI":"10.9734\/jamb\/2020\/v20i830272"},{"key":"4793_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sazon RR, Migo VP. Metal concentrations in sediments of the Alinsaog River, Santa Cruz, Zambales, central Luzon, Philippines. J Health Pollution. 2020;10(27). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5696\/2156-9614-10.27.200914.","DOI":"10.5696\/2156-9614-10.27.200914"},{"key":"4793_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Terrones-Fernandez I, Casino P, L\u00f3pez A, Peir\u00f3 S, R\u00edos S, Nardi-Ricart A, Garc\u00eda-Montoya E, Asensio D, Marqu\u00e9s AM, Castilla R, Gamez-Montero PJ, Piqu\u00e9 N. Improvement of the pour plate method by separate sterilization of agar and other medium components and reduction of the agar concentration. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.03161-22.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03161-22"},{"key":"4793_CR21","unstructured":"Holt JG, Krieg NR, et al. Bergey\u2019s manual of determinative bacteriology. 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-683-00603-2. 1994."},{"key":"4793_CR22","unstructured":"Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. 24th informational supplement, M10-S24. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2014."},{"key":"4793_CR23","unstructured":"Enwuru CA, Iwalokun B, Enwuru NV, Ezechi O, Oluwadun A. The occurrence and modified method for phenotypic identification of ambler group A and B extended spectrum \u03b2-Lactamases production in Urino-Genital Gram-Negative bacterial isolates from, Nigeria. Nat Sci. 2013;11(8). https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/317614349."},{"issue":"3","key":"4793_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.28","volume":"1","author":"AI Obasi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Obasi AI, Ugoji EO, Nwachukwu SU. Incidence and molecular characterization of multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria of clinical importance from pharmaceutical wastewaters in South\u2010western Nigeria. Environ DNA. 2019;1(3):268\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/edn3.28.","journal-title":"Environ DNA"},{"issue":"10","key":"4793_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3390\/w14101597","volume":"14","author":"T Brad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brad T, Bizic M, Ionescu D, Chiriac CM, Kenesz M, Roba C, Ionescu A, Fekete A, Mirea IC, Moldovan OT. Potential for natural Attenuation of domestic and agricultural pollution in karst groundwater environments. Water. 2022;14(10):1597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w14101597.","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"4793_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ov O, Ka A. Isolation and characterization of stream water bacteria from ESA-OKE metropolis. J Med Microbiol Diagnosis. 2018;07(02). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2161-0703.1000276.","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0703.1000276"},{"key":"4793_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Obioma A, Chikanka AT, Loveth NW. Evaluation of bacteriological quality of surface, well, borehole and river water in Khana local government area of rivers State, Niger delta. Annals Clin Lab Res. 2017;05(03). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21767\/2386-5180.1000183.","DOI":"10.21767\/2386-5180.1000183"},{"key":"4793_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adekanmbi AO, Adesola RO, Adeyemi AO, Mbionwu CC. The Threat of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the Aquatic Environment via Wastewater Generated from Healthcare Facilities. In Infectious diseases. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.113967","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.113967"},{"key":"4793_CR29","unstructured":"Asionye EI, Ndukwe NN, Tyohemba ST, Memi GG. Bacteriological assessment of some streams in Nsu Ehime Mbano local government area of Imo State, Nigeria. Nigerian Res J Chem Sci. 2020;8(1) https:\/\/www.unn.edu.ng\/nigerian-research-journal-of-chemical%20sciences\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"4793_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2020050","volume":"7","author":"OJ Okpasuo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okpasuo OJ, Aguzie IO, Joy AT, Okafor FC. Risk assessment of waterborne infections in Enugu State, nigeria: implications of household water choices, knowledge, and practices. AIMS Public Health. 2020;7(3):634\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3934\/publichealth.2020050.","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4793_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12049","volume":"12","author":"LJ Bessa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bessa LJ, Fazii P, Nostro A, Cellini L. Bacterial isolates from infected wounds and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern: some remarks about wound infection. Int Wound J. 2015;12(1):47\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.12049.","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"2","key":"4793_CR32","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"I Tersagh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tersagh I, Jerry TA, Esidene AF. Emerging Drug-Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. Isolated from selected streams in Gboko Town, Benue state. J Microbiol Pathol. 2018;2(2):1\u20136. https:\/\/www.omicsonline.org\/open-access\/emerging-drug-resistant-escherichia-coli-and-salmonella-spp-isolated-from-selected-streams-in-gboko-town-benue-state-103652.html.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4793_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.137152","volume":"39","author":"S Poonia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poonia S, Singh T, Tsering D. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from natural sources of water from rural areas of East Sikkim. Indian J Community Med. 2014;39(3):156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-0218.137152.","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"4793_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7149295","volume":"2016","author":"AT Adesoji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adesoji AT, Ogunjobi AA. Detection of extended spectrum Beta-Lactamases resistance genes among bacteria isolated from selected drinking water distribution channels in Southwestern Nigeria. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7149295.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"4793_CR35","first-page":"191","volume":"1097\u20138135","author":"B Ahmed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ahmed B, Oma O, Asghar H, Elhassan M. Prevalence of TEM, SHV and CTX-M genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp urinary isolates from Sudan with confirmed ESBL phenotype. Life Sci J. 2013;1097\u20138135:191\u20135. http:\/\/www.lifesciencesite.com.","journal-title":"Life Sci J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4793_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105919","volume":"55","author":"Y Suzuki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suzuki Y, Sato T, Fukushima Y, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Takahashi S, Yokota SI. Contribution of \u03b2-lactamase and efflux pump overproduction to tazobactam-piperacillin resistance in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(4):105919.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"4793_CR37","unstructured":"Habib S. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli isolates from human, animal, and environment sources in Pakistan. Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath. 2023. https:\/\/researchportal.bath.ac.uk\/en\/studentTheses\/8ff19056-359e-4cc6-9aa0-0ed43c968c83."},{"key":"4793_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pandey P, Kass PH, Soupir ML, Biswas S, Singh VP. Contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria. AMB Express. 2014;4(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-014-0051-x.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-014-0051-x"},{"key":"4793_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S178243","volume":"11","author":"PA Akinduti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akinduti PA, Olasehinde GI, Ejilude O, Taiwo OS, Obafemi YD. Fecal carriage and Phylo-Diversity of Community-Acquired Bla TEM enteric bacilli in Southwest Nigeria. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:2425\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S178243.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04793-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04793-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04793-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:05:51Z","timestamp":1772582751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04793-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04793-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6341991\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"199"}}