{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T20:59:17Z","timestamp":1780520357810,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04864-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T23:04:55Z","timestamp":1773183895000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative tissue-specific microbiome analyses identify keystone endosymbionts shaping pathogen interactions in dromedary camel ticks"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Rua","family":"Khogali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armanda","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathiya M.","family":"Khamis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Getange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Kabii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Epaphrus","family":"Yuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Masiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jandouwe","family":"Villinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4864_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.1.2345","volume":"1","author":"A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2015","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A. Ticks as vectors: taxonomy, biology and ecology. Rev Sci Tech. 2015;1:53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20506\/rst.34.1.2345.","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"4864_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Madison-Antenucci S, Kramer LD, Gebhardt LL, Kauffman E. Emerging tick-borne diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;e00083\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00083-18.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00083-18"},{"key":"4864_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2550-5","author":"TL Greay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greay TL, Gofton AW, Paparini A, Ryan UM, Oskam CL, Irwin PJ. Recent insights into the tick microbiome gained through next-generation sequencing. Parasit Vectors. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-017-2550-5.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4864_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.01.007","volume":"2","author":"N Boulanger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Boulanger N, Boyer P, Talagrand-Reboul E, Hansmann Y. Ticks and tick-borne diseases. Med Mal Infect. 2019;2:87\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medmal.2019.01.007.","journal-title":"Med Mal Infect"},{"key":"4864_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00236","volume":"7","author":"SI Bonnet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonnet SI, Binetruy F, Hern\u00e1ndez-Jargu\u00edn AM, Duron O. The tick microbiome: why non-pathogenic microorganisms matter in tick biology and pathogen transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00236.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12808","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12808","volume":"43","author":"S Narasimhan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Narasimhan S, Kurokawa C, DeBlasio M, Matias J, Sajid A, Pal U, Lynn G, Fikrig E. Acquired tick resistance: the trail is hot. Parasite Immunol. 2021;43:e12808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pim.12808.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"4864_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05638-4","volume":"16","author":"G Grandi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grandi G, Chiappa G, Ullman K, Lindgren PE, Olivieri E, Sassera D, \u00d6stlund E, Omazic A, Perissinotto D, S\u00f6derlund R. Characterization of the bacterial microbiome of Swedish ticks through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of whole ticks and of individual tick organs. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-022-05638-4.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4864_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5574","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-81313-1","volume":"15","author":"R Khogali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khogali R, Bastos A, Getange D, Bargul JL, Kalayou S, Ongeso N, Verhoeven JTP, Kabii J, Ngiela J, Masiga D, Villinger J. Exploring the microbiomes of camel ticks to infer vector competence: insights from tissue-level symbiont-pathogen relationships. Sci Rep. 2025;15:5574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-81313-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4864_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.04.038","volume":"28","author":"O Duron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Duron O, Morel O, No\u00ebl V, Buysse M, Binetruy F, Lancelot R, Loire E, M\u00e9nard C, Bouchez O, Vavre F, Vial L. Tick-bacteria mutualism depends on B vitamin synthesis pathways. Curr Biol. 2018;28:1896\u2013e19025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2018.04.038.","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"4864_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70120","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70120","volume":"17","author":"N Fattar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fattar N, Louni M, Buysse M, et al. Evolutionary convergence of nutritional symbionts in ticks. Environ Microbiol Rep. 2025;17:e70120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1758-2229.70120.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol Rep"},{"key":"4864_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100036","volume":"1","author":"A Wu-Chuang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu-Chuang A, Hod\u017ei\u0107 A, Mateos-Hern\u00e1ndez L, Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Obregon D, Cabezas-Cruz A. Current debates and advances in tick microbiome research. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis. 2021;1:100036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2021.100036.","journal-title":"Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"4864_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17506","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17506","volume":"33","author":"AL Cano-Arg\u00fcelles","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cano-Arg\u00fcelles AL, Piloto-Sardi\u00f1as E, Maitre A, Mateos-Hern\u00e1ndez L, Maye J, Wu-Chuang A, Abuin-Denis L, Obreg\u00f3n D, Bamgbose T, Oleaga A, Cabezas-Cruz A, P\u00e9rez-S\u00e1nchez R. Microbiota-driven vaccination in soft ticks: Implications for survival, fitness and reproductive capabilities in Ornithodoros moubata. Mol Ecol. 2024;33:e17506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.17506.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"4864_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12080998","volume":"12","author":"E Piloto-Sardi\u00f1as","year":"2023","unstructured":"Piloto-Sardi\u00f1as E, Foucault-Simonin A, Wu-Chuang A, Mateos-Hern\u00e1ndez L, Marrero-Perera R, Abuin-Denis L, Roblejo-Arias L, D\u00edaz-Corona C, Zaj\u0105c Z, Kulisz J, Wo\u017aniak A, Moutailler S, Corona-Gonz\u00e1lez B, Cabezas-Cruz A. Dynamics of infections in cattle and Rhipicephalus microplus: A preliminary study. Pathogens. 2023;12:998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12080998.","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"4864_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021100","volume":"24","author":"A Wiesinger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiesinger A, Wenderlein J, Ulrich S, et al. Revealing the Tick microbiome: insights into midgut and salivary gland microbiota of female Ixodes ricinus ticks. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:1100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24021100.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4864_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00281","volume":"7","author":"L \u0160imo","year":"2017","unstructured":"\u0160imo L, Kazimirova M, Richardson J, et al. The Essential role of tick salivary glands and saliva in tick feeding and pathogen transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00281.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3418-7","volume":"12","author":"E Lejal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lejal E, Moutailler S, \u0160imo L, et al. Tick-borne pathogen detection in midgut and salivary glands of adult Ixodes ricinus. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3418-7.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4864_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oselu S, Ebere R, Arimi JM. Camels, camel milk, and camel milk product situation in Kenya in relation to the world. Int J Food Sci. 2022;1237423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/1237423.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1237423"},{"key":"4864_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci7030103","volume":"7","author":"EC Hughes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hughes EC, Anderson NE. Zoonotic pathogens of dromedary camels in Kenya: a systematised review. Vet Sci. 2020;7:103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vetsci7030103.","journal-title":"Vet Sci"},{"key":"4864_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10050916","volume":"10","author":"M Collins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Collins M, Ngetich C, Owido M, et al. Detection of antibodies to Ehrlichia spp. in dromedary camels and co-grazing sheep in Northern Kenya using an Ehrlichia ruminantium Polyclonal Competitive ELISA. Microorganisms. 2022;10:916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10050916.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4864_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9071414","volume":"9","author":"D Getange","year":"2021","unstructured":"Getange D, Bargul JL, Kanduma E, et al. Ticks and tick-borne pathogens associated with dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Northern Kenya. Microorganisms. 2021;9:1414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms9071414.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4864_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382228","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1382228","volume":"14","author":"R Khogali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khogali R, Bastos A, Bargul JL, et al. Tissue-specific localization of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from camels in Kenya: insights into vector competence. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2024;14:1382228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1382228.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Makwatta JO, Ndegwa PN, Oyieke FA, et al. Exploring the dynamic adult hard ticks-camel-pathogens interaction. mSphere. 2024;e0040524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00405-24.","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00405-24"},{"key":"4864_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-022-00696-w","volume":"86","author":"E Mazhetese","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mazhetese E, Lukanji Z, Byaruhanga C, et al. Rickettsia africae infection rates and transovarial transmission in Amblyomma hebraeum ticks in Mnisi, Bushbuckridge, South Africa. Exp Appl Acarol. 2022;86:407\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10493-022-00696-w.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"4864_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.02.001","volume":"38","author":"Z Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Z, Wang H, Yang S, et al. Virome diversity of ticks feeding on domestic mammals in China. Virol Sin. 2023;38:208\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virs.2023.02.001.","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"4864_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0753","volume":"110","author":"JA Tagoe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tagoe JA, Addo SO, Mosore MT, Bentil RE, Agbodzi B, Behene E, Ladzekpo D, Addae CA, Nimo-Painstil S, Fox AT, Bimi L, Dafeamekpor C, Richards AL, Letizia AG, Diclaro JW, Dadzie SK. First molecular identification of Rickettsia aeschlimannii and Rickettsia africae in ticks from Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2024;110:491\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0753.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"4864_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001415","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001415","volume":"169","author":"DF Meyer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meyer DF, Moum\u00e8ne A, Rodrigues V. Microbe Profile: Ehrlichia ruminantium - stealthy as it goes. Microbiol (Reading). 2023;169:001415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mic.0.001415.","journal-title":"Microbiol (Reading)"},{"key":"4864_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08532-9","volume":"20","author":"EW Kanyina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kanyina EW. Characterization of visceral leishmaniasis outbreak, Marsabit County, Kenya, 2014. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-08532-9.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4864_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/cli9040062","volume":"9","author":"G Siciliano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siciliano G, Bigi V, Vigna I, et al. Comparison of multiple maximum and minimum temperature datasets at local level: The case study of North Horr sub-County, Kenya. Climate. 2021;9:62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cli9040062.","journal-title":"Climate"},{"key":"4864_CR29","volume-title":"Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species","author":"AR Walker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Walker AR. Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species. Edinburgh: Bioscience Reports; 2003."},{"key":"4864_CR30","volume-title":"Ticks of domestic animals in the Mediterranean region","author":"A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a","year":"2004","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, Bouattour AJ, Camicas JL, et al. Ticks of domestic animals in the Mediterranean region. Spain: University of Zaragoza; 2004."},{"key":"4864_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khogali R, Getange D, Bastos, et al. Extraction of saliva, haemolymph, salivary glands, and midgut from individual ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). J Vis Exp. 2025;2025(e68952). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/68952.","DOI":"10.3791\/68952"},{"key":"4864_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3517-5","volume":"12","author":"F Binetruy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Binetruy F, Dupraz M, Buysse M, et al. Surface sterilization methods impact measures of internal microbial diversity in ticks. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-019-3517-5.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4864_CR33","first-page":"28","volume":"2","author":"KT Edwards","year":"2009","unstructured":"Edwards KT, Goddard J, Varela-Stokes AS. Examination of the internal morphology of the ixodid tick, Amblyomma maculatum Koch, (Acari: Ixodidae); a How-to pictorial dissection guide. Midsouth Entomol. 2009;2:28\u201339. https:\/\/midsouthentomologist.org.msstate.edu\/Volume2\/Vol2_1_html_files\/vol2-1_004.html.","journal-title":"Midsouth Entomol"},{"key":"4864_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199","volume":"28","author":"M Kearse","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, et al. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2012;28:1647\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"4864_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, et al. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215:403\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"4864_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","volume":"59","author":"S Guindon","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guindon S, Dufayard JF, Lefort V, et al. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst Biol. 2010;59:307\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010.","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"4864_CR37","volume-title":"FigTree; Version 1.4.4","author":"A Rambaut","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rambaut A. FigTree; Version 1.4.4. Edinburgh, UK: University of Edinburgh; 2020."},{"key":"4864_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3820","volume":"35","author":"P Di Tommaso","year":"2017","unstructured":"Di Tommaso P, Chatzou M, Floden EW, et al. Nextflow enables reproducible computational workflows. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35:316\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt.3820.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4864_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, et al. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016;13(7):581\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.3869.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"4864_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(Database issue):D590\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gks1219.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"4864_CR41","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"4864_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004226","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004226","volume":"1","author":"ZD Kurtz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kurtz ZD, M\u00fcller CL, Miraldi ER, et al. Sparse and compositionally robust inference of microbial ecological networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2015;1:e1004226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004226.","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"4864_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7768","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5361","volume":"9","author":"LI Couper","year":"2019","unstructured":"Couper LI, Kwan JY, Ma J, et al. Drivers and patterns of microbial community assembly in a Lyme disease vector. Ecol Evol. 2019;9:7768\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.5361.","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"4864_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049646","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1049646","volume":"12","author":"J Couret","year":"2022","unstructured":"Couret J, Schofield S, Narasimhan S. The environment, the tick, and the pathogen - It is an ensemble. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:1049646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1049646.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102002","volume":"13","author":"KT Duncan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duncan KT, Elshahed MS, Sundstrom KD, et al. Influence of tick sex and geographic region on the microbiome of Dermacentor variabilis collected from dogs and cats across the United States. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2022;13:102002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102002.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4864_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8040702","volume":"8","author":"L Mateos-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mateos-Hern\u00e1ndez L, Obreg\u00f3n D, Maye J, et al. Anti-Tick Microbiota Vaccine Impacts Ixodes ricinus Performance during Feeding. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;8:702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines8040702.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"4864_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05122-5","volume":"15","author":"A Maitre","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maitre A, Wu-Chuang A, A\u017eelyt\u0117 J, et al. Vector microbiota manipulation by host antibodies: the forgotten strategy to develop transmission-blocking vaccines. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-05122-5.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"16","key":"4864_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4660","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.17058","volume":"32","author":"A Maitre","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maitre A, Wu-Chuang A, Mateos-Hern\u00e1ndez L, et al. Rickettsial pathogens drive microbiota assembly in Hyalomma marginatum and Rhipicephalus bursa ticks. Mol Ecol. 2023;32(16):4660\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mec.17058.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"4864_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11228","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11228","volume":"14","author":"E Piloto-Sardi\u00f1as","year":"2024","unstructured":"Piloto-Sardi\u00f1as E, Abuin-Denis L, Maitre A, et al. Dynamic nesting of Anaplasma marginale in the microbial communities of Rhipicephalus microplus. Ecol Evol. 2024;14:e11228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ece3.11228.","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"4864_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091299","volume":"8","author":"A Adegoke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Adegoke A, Kumar D, Bobo C, et al. Tick-borne pathogens shape the native microbiome within tick vectors. Microorganisms. 2020;8:1299.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4864_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1039\/c7np00051k","volume":"35","author":"H Itoh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Itoh H, Tago K, Hayatsu M, et al. Detoxifying symbiosis: microbe-mediated detoxification of phytotoxins and pesticides in insects. Nat Prod Rep. 2018;35:434\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c7np00051k.","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"key":"4864_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.551","volume":"7","author":"AA Foughali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Foughali AA, Jedidi M, Dhibi M, et al. Infection by haemopathogens and tick infestation of sheep during summer season in Constantine region, Northeast Algeria. Vet Med Sci. 2021;7:1769\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/vms3.551.","journal-title":"Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"4864_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parola P, Cornet JP, Sanogo YO et al. Detection of Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., and other eubacteria in ticks from the Thai-Myanmar border and Vietnam. J Clin Microbiol. 2003; 41:1600-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1600-1608.2003","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.4.1600-1608.2003"},{"key":"4864_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12455","volume":"16","author":"I Lalzar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lalzar I, Friedmann Y, Gottlieb Y. Tissue tropism and vertical transmission of Coxiella in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Rhipicephalus turanicus ticks. Environ Microbiol. 2014;16:3657\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.12455.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0524-2","volume":"6","author":"K Budachetri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Budachetri K, Kumar D, Crispell G, et al. The tick endosymbiont Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii and selenoproteins are essential for the growth of Rickettsia parkeri in the Gulf Coast tick vector. Microbiome. 2018;6:141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-018-0524-2.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"4864_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mazuecos L, Alberdi P, Hern\u00e1ndez-Jargu\u00edn A et al. Frankenbacteriosis targeting interactions between pathogen and symbiont to control infection in the tick vector. Iscience. 2023;26(5):106697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106697.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106697"},{"key":"4864_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract13010022","volume":"13","author":"M Kondo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kondo M, Matsushima Y, Nakanishi T, et al. Increasing Risk of Tick-Borne Disease through Growth Stages in Ticks. Clin Pract. 2023;13:246\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/clinpract13010022.","journal-title":"Clin Pract"},{"key":"4864_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990889","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.990889","volume":"12","author":"R Hodosi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hodosi R, Kazimirova M, Soltys K. What do we know about the microbiome of I. ricinus? Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:990889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.990889.","journal-title":"ricinus? Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR59","first-page":"365","volume":"18","author":"J Zhong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhong J. Coxiella-like endosymbionts. Coxiella burnetii: recent Adv new Perspect Res Q fever Bact. 2012;18:365\u201379.","journal-title":"Coxiella burnetii: recent Adv new Perspect Res Q fever Bact"},{"key":"4864_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816547","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.816547","volume":"11","author":"G Neelakanta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neelakanta G, Sultana H. Tick saliva and salivary glands: What do we know so far on their role in arthropod blood feeding and pathogen transmission. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;11:816547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2021.816547.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01302","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01302-17","volume":"83","author":"T Azagi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azagi T, Klement E, Perlman G, et al. Francisella-like endosymbionts and Rickettsia Species in local and imported Hyalomma Ticks. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2017;83:e01302\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.01302-17.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868575","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.868575","volume":"13","author":"MG Guizzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guizzo MG, Tirloni L, Gonzalez SA, et al. Coxiella endosymbiont of Rhipicephalus microplus modulates tick physiology with a major impact in blood feeding capacity. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:868575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.868575.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6584","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00537-07","volume":"73","author":"O Klyachko","year":"2007","unstructured":"Klyachko O, Stein BD, Grindle N, et al. Localization and visualization of a Coxiella-type symbiont within the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:6584\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00537-07.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113992","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1113992","volume":"13","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zheng YC, Chu YL, et al. Skin infectome of patients with a tick bite history. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1113992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1113992.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.03.014","volume":"10","author":"M Buysse","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buysse M, Plantard O, McCoy KD, et al. Tissue localization of Coxiella-like endosymbionts in three European tick species through fluorescence in situ hybridization. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019;10:798\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.03.014.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4864_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oundo JW, Hartemink N, de Jong MC et al. Biological tick control: modeling the potential impact of entomopathogenic fungi on the transmission of East Coast fever in cattle. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2025;102435. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1877959X24001286.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2024.102435"},{"key":"4864_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101624","volume":"12","author":"S D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez S, Fern\u00e1ndez AM, Habela MA, et al. Microbial community of Hyalomma lusitanicum is dominated by Francisella-like endosymbiont. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2021;12:101624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101624.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"4864_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11070813","volume":"11","author":"ARI Lindsey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lindsey ARI. Sensing, Signaling, and Secretion: A review and analysis of systems for regulating host interaction in Wolbachia. Genes (Basel). 2020;11(7):813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes11070813.","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"4864_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101901","volume":"13","author":"LL Chao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chao LL, Chen TH, Lien WC, et al. Molecular and morphological identification of a reptile-associated tick, Amblyomma geoemydae (Acari: Ixodidae), infesting wild, yellow-margined box turtles (Cuora flavomarginata) in northern Taiwan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2022;13:101901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.101901.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4864_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/b:appa.0000031790.30821.57","volume":"21","author":"EN Mwangi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mwangi EN, Hassan SM, Kaaya GP, et al. The impact of Ixodiphagus hookeri, a tick parasitoid, on Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) in a field trial in Kenya. Exp Appl Acarol. 1997;21:117\u201326. 10.1023\/b: appa.0000031790.30821.57.","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"4864_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30692","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030692","volume":"7","author":"O Plantard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Plantard O, Bouju-Albert A, Malard MA, et al. Detection of Wolbachia in the tick Ixodes ricinus is due to the presence of the hymenoptera endoparasitoid Ixodiphagus hookeri. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e30692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0030692.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4864_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04161-8","volume":"13","author":"M Madhav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Madhav M, Brown G, Morgan JAT, et al. Transinfection of buffalo flies (Haematobia irritans exigua) with Wolbachia and effect on host biology. Parasit Vectors. 2020;13:296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04161-8.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4864_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-008-9090-4","volume":"44","author":"AM Fallon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fallon AM. Cytological properties of an Aedes albopictus mosquito cell line infected with Wolbachia strain wAlbB. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2008;44:154\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11626-008-9090-4.","journal-title":"Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim"},{"key":"4864_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1969","volume":"6","author":"JH Werren","year":"2008","unstructured":"Werren JH, Baldo L, Clark ME. Wolbachia: master manipulators of invertebrate biology. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008;6:741\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1969.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00918-x","volume":"21","author":"J Porter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Porter J, Sullivan W. The cellular lives of Wolbachia. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21:750\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-023-00918-x.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3383","volume":"273","author":"A Fytrou","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fytrou A, Schofield PG, Kraaijeveld AR, et al. Wolbachia infection suppresses both host defence and parasitoid counter-defence. Proc Biol Sci. 2006;273:791\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2005.3383.","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"4864_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-1","volume":"9","author":"Z Xi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xi Z, Gavotte L, Xie Y, et al. Genome-wide analysis of the interaction between the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia and its Drosophila host. BMC Genomics. 2008;9:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2164-9-1.","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"4864_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.390","volume":"5","author":"JE Pietri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pietri JE, DeBruhl H, Sullivan W. The rich somatic life of Wolbachia. Microbiologyopen. 2016;5:923\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mbo3.390.","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"issue":"3","key":"4864_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-020-01520-x","volume":"80","author":"A Semiatizki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Semiatizki A, Weiss B, Bagim S, et al. Effects, interactions, and localization of Rickettsia and Wolbachia in the house fly parasitoid, Spalangia endius. Microb Ecol. 2020;80(3):718\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00248-020-01520-x.","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"4864_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64386-0","volume":"56","author":"D Sassera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sassera D, Beninati T, Bandi C, et al. Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii\u2019, an endosymbiont of the tick Ixodes ricinus with a unique intramitochondrial lifestyle. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2006;56:2535\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.64386-0.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0958-3","volume":"8","author":"AW Gofton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gofton AW, Oskam CL, Lo N, Beninati T, et al. Inhibition of the endosymbiont 120 Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii during 16S rRNA gene profiling reveals potential pathogens in Ixodes ticks from Australia. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-015-0958-3.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"4864_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr159","volume":"28","author":"D Sassera","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sassera D, Lo N, Epis S, D\u2019Auria G, et al. Phylogenomic evidence for the presence of a flagellum and cbb (3) oxidase in the free-living mitochondrial ancestor. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28:3285\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msr159.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"4864_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14314","volume":"69","author":"G Sgroi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sgroi G, Iatta R, Lia RP, et al. Tick exposure and risk of tick-borne pathogens infection in hunters and hunting dogs: a citizen science approach. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:e386\u201393.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"4864_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.05.019","volume":"10","author":"E Olivieri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Olivieri E, Epis S, Castelli M, et al. Tissue tropism and metabolic pathways of Midichloria mitochondrii suggest tissue-specific functions in the symbiosis with Ixodes ricinus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2019;10:1070\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2019.05.019.","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"4864_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01869-7","volume":"1","author":"A Garcia-Vozmediano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garcia-Vozmediano A, Tomassone L, Fonville M, et al. The genetic diversity of Rickettsiella symbionts in Ixodes ricinus throughout Europe. Microb Ecol. 2022;1:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00248-021-01869-7.","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"4864_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20201107","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2020.1107","volume":"287","author":"LC Rosenwald","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenwald LC, Sitvarin MI, White JA. Endosymbiotic Rickettsiella causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in a spider host. Proc Biol Sci. 2020;287:20201107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.2020.1107.","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"4864_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695346","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.695346","volume":"12","author":"DRG Price","year":"2021","unstructured":"Price DRG, Bartley K, Blake DP, et al. A Rickettsiella endosymbiont is a potential source of essential B-Vitamins for the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:695346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.695346.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4864_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2024003","volume":"31","author":"R Cossio-Bayugar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cossio-Bayugar R, Martinez-Iba\u00f1ez F, Aguilar-Diaz H, et al. Relationship between acaricide resistance and acetylcholinesterase gene polymorphisms in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Parasite. 2024;31:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/parasite\/2024003.","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"4864_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091438","volume":"8","author":"N Salcedo-Porras","year":"2020","unstructured":"Salcedo-Porras N, Uma\u00f1a-Diaz C, Bitencourt ROB, et al. The role of bacterial symbionts in triatomines: An evolutionary perspective. Microorganisms. 2020;8:1438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms8091438.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"4864_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748427","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.748427","volume":"8","author":"B Cull","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cull B, Burkhardt NY, Wang XR, et al. The Ixodes scapularis symbiont Rickettsia buchneri inhibits growth of pathogenic Rickettsiaceae in tick cells: Implications for vector competence. Front Vet Sci. 2022;8:748427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2021.748427.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"4864_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0215623","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02156-23","volume":"11","author":"TF Mota","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mota TF, Fukutani ER, Martins KA, et al. Another tick bites the dust: exploring the association of microbial composition with a broad transmission competence of tick vector species. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11:e0215623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/spectrum.02156-23.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"4864_CR92","first-page":"345","volume":"32","author":"K Kotelko","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kotelko K, Kaca W, R\u00f3zalski A, et al. Some biological features of Proteus bacilli. 2. Haemolytic activities of Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris strains. Acta Microbiol Pol. 1983;32(4):345\u201351.","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Pol"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04864-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04864-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04864-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:37:24Z","timestamp":1776386244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04864-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4864"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04864-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Pwani University Ethics Review Committee (ERC\/EXT\/002\/2020E) and a license from the National Commission for Science Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI\/P\/22\/16467). This study did not involve human subjects as participants; however, verbal informed consent was obtained from all camel owners prior to tick collection from their animals. Given the low literacy rates among the camel farmers, the procedure for obtaining verbal informed consent was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee as part of the overall study protocol.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"371"}}