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The study was approved under an institutional ethics protocol by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (approval No. ISL20250358), which covers research on antimicrobial resistance in clinical bacterial isolates. Given the retrospective nature of this cohort study using anonymous clinical data, the need for informed consent to participate was waived by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"313"}}