{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:33:40Z","timestamp":1790102020295,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774483200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":40,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Africa Research Excellence Fund","award":["AREF-325-KULL-F-C0956"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AREF-325-KULL-F-C0956"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Tuberculosis (TB) and its treatment disrupt the gut microbiome, potentially impacting immune regulation and treatment outcomes. However, host-microbial interactions during TB disease are not well characterized. This cross-sectional study investigated the gut microbiome of pulmonary tuberculosis patients\u2014both newly diagnosed and those treated for two months\u2014compared to healthy controls in Tanzania. TB treatment was associated with reduced microbial diversity, distinct clustering, and depletion of\n                    <jats:italic>Euryarchaeota<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Cyanobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Treated patients also showed increased\n                    <jats:italic>Fusobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Tenericutes<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared to controls. In contrast, newly diagnosed patients had gut microbiomes similar to controls. Malnutrition and elevated inflammatory cytokines were more common in newly diagnosed patients. Within this group, gut microbial composition varied by nutritional status, cytokine levels, and exposure to pre-diagnosis non-antituberculous antibiotics. Our findings demonstrate that TB treatment significantly alters the gut microbiome and suggest complex interactions between gut microbial populations, host inflammation, nutrition, and treatment history. This study also underscores the need for more microbiome research in Sub-Saharan Africa to better understand immune-microbiome dynamics in TB.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04882-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T03:34:07Z","timestamp":1774496047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut microbiome disruption in Tanzanian pulmonary tuberculosis patients: links to treatment, nutritional status, and host immunity"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Vesla I.","family":"Kullaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Rofael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott K.","family":"Heysell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania A.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nehemiah","family":"Ongeso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimita","family":"Gathii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bibie","family":"Said","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stellah","family":"Mpagama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blandina T.","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy D.","family":"McHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4882_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2024 Global Tuberculosis Report. 2024. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/379339\/9789240101531-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"4882_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eribo OA, et al. 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Genome Biol. 2014;15:550.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04882-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04882-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04882-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T20:53:23Z","timestamp":1781643203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04882-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4882"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04882-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7535271\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the institutional review board of KCMC University (No. 2628) and the Tanzania National Institute of Medical Research (No. NIMR\/HQ\/R.8a\/Vol.IX\/4307), and informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the Helsinki declaration as revised in 2013 and its later amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"433"}}