{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:55:53Z","timestamp":1776167753472,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Microbiol and Infectious Disease prevention &Control in Guizhou Province","award":["Qiankehe Platform Talent-ZDSYS [2023] 004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe Platform Talent-ZDSYS [2023] 004"]}]},{"name":"Project for Public Health Talent Cultivation of China","award":["Guo Jikong Zong Ren Han [2024] 122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Guo Jikong Zong Ren Han [2024] 122"]}]},{"name":"The local science foundation of Guizhou Province guided by the Central Committee of China","award":["Qiankehe [2025] 024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiankehe [2025] 024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04884-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T12:44:52Z","timestamp":1772801092000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clostridium zhoujianii sp. nov., a novel gram-negative species isolated from bat feces and its genetic characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingzhu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fengming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shijun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4884_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.000824","volume":"66","author":"PA Lawson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lawson PA, Rainey FA. Proposal to restrict the genus Clostridium Prazmowski to Clostridium butyricum and related species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2016;66:1009\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.000824.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11289-9","volume":"105","author":"M Diallo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diallo M, Kengen SWM, L\u00f3pez-Contreras AM. Sporulation in solventogenic and acetogenic clostridia. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;105:3533\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-021-11289-9.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4884_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-4-812","volume":"44","author":"MD Collins","year":"1994","unstructured":"Collins MD, Lawson PA, Willems A, et al. The phylogeny of the genus Clostridium: proposal of five new genera and eleven new species combinations. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1994;44(4):812\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/00207713-44-4-812.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"4884_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-014-0251-z","volume":"106","author":"C Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu C, Huang D, Liu L, et al. Clostridium swellfunianum sp. nov., a novel anaerobic bacterium isolated from the pit mud of Chinese Luzhou-flavor liquor production. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2014;106:817\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10482-014-0251-z.","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"4884_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001702","volume":"67","author":"X Zhao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhao X, Li D, Xu S, et al. Clostridium guangxiense sp. nov. and Clostridium neuense sp. nov., two phylogenetically closely related hydrogen-producing species isolated from lake sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2017;67:710\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.001702.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4884_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz096","volume":"11","author":"P Cruz-Morales","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cruz-Morales P, Orellana CA, Moutafis G, et al. Revisiting the evolution and taxonomy of Clostridia, a phylogenomic update. Genome Biol Evol. 2019;11(7):2035\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gbe\/evz096.","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"4884_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2989","volume":"11","author":"B Stecher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stecher B, Maier L, Hardt WD. \u201cBlooming\u201d in the gut: how dysbiosis might contribute to pathogen evolution. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11:277\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2989.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00803","volume":"9","author":"MR Ingala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ingala MR, Simmons NB, Wultsch C, et al. Comparing microbiome sampling methods in a wild mammal: fecal and intestinal samples record different signals of host ecology, evolution. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00803.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05568.x","volume":"21","author":"CD Phillips","year":"2012","unstructured":"Phillips CD, Phelan G, Dowd SE, et al. Microbiome analysis among bats describes influences of host phylogeny, life history, physiology and geography. Mol Ecol. 2012;21:2617\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05568.x.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"4884_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.11.067","volume":"207","author":"D Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li D, Wen L, Jiang S, et al. Responses of soil nutrients and microbial communities to three restoration strategies in a karst area, southwest China. J Environ Manage. 2018;207:456\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2017.11.067.","journal-title":"J Environ Manage"},{"key":"4884_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnw284","volume":"364","author":"M Dietrich","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dietrich M, Kearney T, Seamark EC, Markotter W. The excreted microbiota of bats: evidence of niche specialisation based on multiple body habitats. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2017;364:fnw284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnw284.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"4884_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.016949-0","volume":"60","author":"BJ Tindall","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tindall BJ, Rossell\u00f3-M\u00f3ra R, Busse HJ, Ludwig W, K\u00e4mpfer P. Notes on the characterization of prokaryote strains for taxonomic purposes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2010;60:249\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.016949-0.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002516","volume":"68","author":"J Chun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chun J, Oren A, Ventosa A, et al. Proposed minimal standards for the use of genome data for the taxonomy of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2018;68:461\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.002516.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D517","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz935","volume":"48","author":"BP Alcock","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alcock BP, Raphenya AR, Lau TTY, et al. CARD 2020: antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;48:D517\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkz935.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4884_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454","volume":"4","author":"N Saitou","year":"1987","unstructured":"Saitou N, Nei M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol. 1987;4(4):406\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4884_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","volume":"28","author":"K Tamura","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 2011;28(10):2731\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msr121.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"22","key":"4884_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4673","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673","volume":"22","author":"JD Thompson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22(22):4673\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/22.22.4673.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"4884_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx373","volume":"33","author":"J Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown J, Pirrung M, McCue LA. FQC dashboard: integrates FastQC results into a web-based, interactive, and extensible FASTQ quality control tool. Bioinformatics. 2017;33(19):3137\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx373.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"15","key":"4884_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(15):2114\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"4884_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","volume":"19","author":"A Bankevich","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bankevich A, Nurk S, Antipov D, Gurevich AA, Dvorkin M, Kulikov AS, Lesin VM, Nikolenko SI, Pham S, Prjibelski AD, Pyshkin AV, Sirotkin AV, Vyahhi N, Tesler G, Alekseyev MA, Pevzner PA. SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing. J Comput Biol. 2012;19(5):455\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021.","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4884_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963","volume":"9","author":"BJ Walker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Walker BJ, Abeel T, Shea T, Priest M, Abouelliel A, Sakthikumar S, et al. Pilon: an integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e112963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"4884_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.186072.114","volume":"25","author":"DH Parks","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parks DH, Imelfort M, Skennerton CT, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW. CheckM: assessing the quality of microbial genomes recovered from isolates, single cells, and metagenomes. Genome Res. 2015;25(7):1043\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.186072.114.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"4884_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","volume":"30","author":"T Seemann","year":"2014","unstructured":"Seemann T. Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(14):2068\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"22","key":"4884_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3691","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv421","volume":"31","author":"AJ Page","year":"2015","unstructured":"Page AJ, Cummins CA, Hunt M, Wong VK, Reuter S, Holden MT, Fookes M, Falush D, Keane JA, Parkhill J. Roary: rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis. Bioinformatics. 2015;31(22):3691\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv421.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"15","key":"4884_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp348","volume":"25","author":"S Capella-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Capella-Guti\u00e9rrez S, Silla-Mart\u00ednez JM, Gabald\u00f3n T. TrimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(15):1972\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp348.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","volume":"32","author":"LT Nguyen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen LT, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol. 2015;32(1):268\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/molbev\/msu300.","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4884_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz848","volume":"36","author":"PA Chaumeil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chaumeil PA, Mussig AJ, Hugenholtz P, Parks DH. GTDB-Tk: a toolkit to classify genomes with the Genome Taxonomy Database. Bioinformatics. 2020;36(6):1925\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz848.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9","volume":"9","author":"C Jain","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jain C, Rodriguez-R LM, Phillippy AM, et al. High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):5114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"W1","key":"4884_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W246","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky425","volume":"46","author":"D Couvin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Couvin D, Bernheim A, Toffano-Nioche C, et al. CRISPRCasFinder, an update of CRISRFinder, includes a portable version, enhanced performance and integrates search for Cas proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 2018;46(W1):W246\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gky425.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"W1","key":"4884_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W16","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw387","volume":"44","author":"D Arndt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arndt D, Grant JR, Marcu A, et al. PHASTER: a better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44(W1):W16\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkw387.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4884_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.006294","volume":"74","author":"DJE McKnight","year":"2024","unstructured":"McKnight DJE, Wong-Bajracharya J, Okoh EB, Snijders F, Lidbetter F, et al. Xanthomonas rydalmerensis sp. nov., a non-pathogenic member of Group 1 Xanthomonas. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2024;74(3):006294. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.006294.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4884_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003303","volume":"69","author":"Z Tian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tian Z, Lu S, Jin D, Yang J, Pu J, et al. Streptococcus chenjunshii sp. nov. isolated from feces of Tibetan antelopes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2019;69(4):1237\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.003303.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Volokhov DV, Zagorodnyaya TA, Furtak VA, Nattanmai G, Randall L, et al. Streptococcus sciuri sp. nov., Staphylococcus marylandisciuri sp. nov. and Staphylococcus americanisciuri sp. nov., isolated from faeces of eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2023;73(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.006015.","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.006015"},{"key":"4884_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-018-1307-6","volume":"91","author":"M Cyprowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cyprowski M, Stobnicka-Kupiec A, \u0141awniczek-Wa\u0142czyk A, et al. Anaerobic bacteria in wastewater treatment plant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2018;91:571\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00420-018-1307-6.","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"4884_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064211","volume":"8","author":"Y Xu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu Y, Xu X, Lan R, et al. An O island 172 encoded RNA helicase regulates the motility of Escherichia coli O157:H7. PLoS One. 2013;8:e64211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0064211.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"4884_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.3.1159-1164.2006","volume":"44","author":"E Krejc\u00ed","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krejc\u00ed E, Kroppenstedt RM. Differentiation of species combined into the Burkholderia cepacia complex and related taxa on the basis of their fatty acid patterns. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(3):1159\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.44.3.1159-1164.2006.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4884_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/s0163-7827(02)00050-4","volume":"42","author":"C Sohlenkamp","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sohlenkamp C, L\u00f3pez-Lara IM, Geiger O. Biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in bacteria. Prog Lipid Res. 2003;42(2):115\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0163-7827(02)00050-4.","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4884_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.45.2.316-354.1981","volume":"45","author":"MD Collins","year":"1981","unstructured":"Collins MD, Jones D. Distribution of isoprenoid quinone structural types in bacteria and their taxonomic implication. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1981;45(2):316\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mr.45.2.316-354.1981.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"4884_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0073923","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00739-23","volume":"61","author":"RM Humphries","year":"2023","unstructured":"Humphries RM, Ambler J, Mitchell SL, Castanheira M, Dingle T, Hindler JA, et al. CLSI Methods Development and Standardization Working Group Best Practices for Evaluation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests. J Clin Microbiol. 2023;61(10):e0073923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00739-23.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"D1","key":"4884_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D566","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1004","volume":"45","author":"B Jia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jia B, Raphenya AR, Alcock B, Waglechner N, Guo P, et al. CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017;45(D1):D566\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkw1004.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28(1):27\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33","volume":"28","author":"RL Tatusov","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tatusov RL, Galperin MY, Natale DA, Koonin EV. The COG database: a tool for genome-scale analysis of protein functions and evolution. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28(1):33\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/28.1.33.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"4884_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D36","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1195","volume":"41","author":"DA Benson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Benson DA, Cavanaugh M, Clark K, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, et al. GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41:D36-42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gks1195.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"D1","key":"4884_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D687","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1080","volume":"47","author":"B LLiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"LLiu B, Zheng D, Jin Q, Chen L, Yang J. VFDB 2019: a comparative pathogenomic platform with an interactive web interface. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(D1):D687\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gky1080.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"D1","key":"4884_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D613","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz904","volume":"48","author":"M Urban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Urban M, Cuzick A, Seager J, Wood V, Rutherford K, et al. PHI-base: the pathogen-host interactions database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2020;48(D1):D613\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkz904.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"4884_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01463-24","volume":"10","author":"J Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou J, Liu Y, Gu T, Zhou J, Chen F, Li S. Investigating the gut bacteria structure and function of hibernating bats through 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and culturomics. mSystems. 2025;10(5):e0146324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.01463-24.","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"4884_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jongsik C, Aharon O, ,Antonio V et al. Proposed minimal standards for the use of genome data for the taxonomy of prokaryotes Int J Syst evolutionary Microbiol 2018,68(1):461\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.002516","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002516"},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02475-19","volume":"11","author":"RA Barco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barco RA, Garrity GM, Scott JJ, Amend JP, Nealson KH, Emerson D. A genus definition for bacteria and archaea based on a standard genome relatedness index. MBio. 2020;11(1):e02475-19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.02475-19.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"4884_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47273-w","volume":"15","author":"P Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu P, Liu Z, Wang J, et al. Immunoregulatory role of the gut microbiota in inflammatory depression. Nat Commun. 2024;15:3003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-47273-w.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4884_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02841.x","volume":"14","author":"MY Galperin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Galperin MY, Mekhedov SL, Puigbo P, et al. <article-title update=\"added\"> Genomic determinants of sporulation in Bacilli and Clostridia : towards the minimal set of sporulation\u2010specific genes. Environ Microbiol. 2012;14:2870\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2012.02841.x.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003698","volume":"70","author":"KN Haas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haas KN, Blanchard JL. Reclassification of the Clostridium clostridioforme and Clostridium sphenoides clades as Enterocloster gen. nov. and Lacrimispora gen. nov., including reclassification of 15 taxa. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2020;70(1):23\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijsem.0.003698.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4884_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.3.755-758.1995","volume":"33","author":"MJ Johnson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Johnson MJ, Thatcher E, Cox ME. Techniques for controlling variability in gram staining of obligate anaerobes. J Clin Microbiol. 1995;33(3):755\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.33.3.755-758.1995.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000414","volume":"2","author":"TJ Silhavy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S. The bacterial cell envelope. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2010;2:a000414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a000414.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4884_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s002030050416","volume":"167","author":"DO Mountfort","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mountfort DO, Rainey FA, Burghardt J, Kaspar HF, Stackebrandt E. Clostridium vincentii sp. nov., a new obligately anaerobic, saccharolytic, psychrophilic bacterium isolated from low-salinity pond sediment of the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Arch Microbiol. 1997;167(1):54\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002030050416.","journal-title":"Arch Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-023-03469-9","volume":"80","author":"JY Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang JY, Pan WY, Yang XY, et al. Clostridium brassicae sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium isolated from high-salt industrial wastewater. Curr Microbiol. 2023;80:366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-023-03469-9.","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-03096-w","volume":"79","author":"K Urvashi, Gundawar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Urvashi, Gundawar K, Sharma S, et al. Lacrimispora defluvii sp. nov., an obligate anaerobe isolated from industrial waste and reclassification of Hungatella xylanolytica as Lacrimispora xylanolytica and Clostridium indicum as Lacrimispora indica comb. nov. Curr Microbiol. 2022;79:397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00284-022-03096-w.","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.059774-0","volume":"64","author":"M Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim M, Oh HS, Park SC, Chun J. Towards a taxonomic coherence between average nucleotide identity and 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity for species demarcation of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2014;64:346\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.059774-0.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00643","volume":"5","author":"AO Olaitan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Olaitan AO, Morand S, Rolain JM. Mechanisms of polymyxin resistance: acquired and intrinsic resistance in bacteria. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00643.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4884_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111597","volume":"12","author":"S Shahzad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shahzad S, Willcox MDP, Rayamajhee B. A review of resistance to polymyxins and evolving mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr) among pathogens of clinical significance. Antibiotics (Basel). 2023;12(11):1597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12111597.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"4884_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-07","volume":"20","author":"HM Wexler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wexler HM. Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(4):593\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00008-07.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4884_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19563","volume":"13","author":"L Ram\u00edrez-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ram\u00edrez-Fern\u00e1ndez L, Saldarriaga-C\u00f3rdoba M, Silva AX, et al. Eukaryotic gut community of the bat Myotis arescens in anthropized landscapes in Chile. PeerJ. 2025;13:e19563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.19563.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"4884_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3050","volume":"11","author":"A El Kaoutari","year":"2013","unstructured":"El Kaoutari A, Armougom F, Gordon JI, et al. The abundance and variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11:497\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro3050.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01514.x","volume":"294","author":"P Louis","year":"2009","unstructured":"Louis P, Flint HJ. Diversity, metabolism and microbial ecology of butyrate-producing bacteria from the human large intestine. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009;294:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01514.x.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"4884_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10388","volume":"477","author":"VM D\u2019Costa","year":"2011","unstructured":"D\u2019Costa VM, King CE, Kalan L, et al. Antibiotic resistance is ancient. Nature. 2011;477:457\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature10388.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4884_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00173","volume":"4","author":"JM Rolain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rolain JM. Food and human gut as reservoirs of transferable antibiotic resistance encoding genes. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00173.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00088-17","volume":"31","author":"SR Partridge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Partridge SR, Kwong SM, Firth N, Jensen SO. Mobile genetic elements associated with antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2018;31:e00088-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CMR.00088-17.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4884_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12218","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.12218","volume":"91","author":"S Wickner","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wickner S, Gottesman S, Skowyra D, et al. A molecular chaperone, ClpA, functions like DnaK and DnaJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994;91:12218\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.91.25.12218.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4884_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.07.009","volume":"33","author":"D Roncarati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roncarati D, Vannini A, Scarlato V. Temperature sensing and virulence regulation in pathogenic bacteria. Trends Microbiol. 2025;33:66\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tim.2024.07.009.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"4884_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.8.3703-3713.1999","volume":"67","author":"A Casadevall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. Host-pathogen interactions: redefining the basic concepts of virulence and pathogenicity. Infect Immun. 1999;67:3703\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/IAI.67.8.3703-3713.1999.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"4884_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974","volume":"11","author":"F Sommer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sommer F, B\u00e4ckhed F. The gut microbiota\u2013masters of host development and physiology. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2013;11:227\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro2974.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04884-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04884-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04884-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:06:00Z","timestamp":1776164760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04884-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04884-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Approval No. G2019-01) in accordance with international wildlife research standards. Bats (weighing under 200 g) captured via live traps in their natural habitat were first deeply anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg\/kg of a 3% solution). While under deep anesthesia, humane euthanasia was then carried out by cervical dislocation by trained personnel. This protocol adhered to the animal welfare guidelines of both the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) and China for laboratory animals, minimizing potential pain and distress.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"346"}}