{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:41:17Z","timestamp":1793166077642,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Village chicken production is central to rural livelihoods across sub-Saharan Africa. However, the poor biosecurity and hygiene observed in the chicken flocks, coupled with the limited access of farmers to veterinary services, provide favorable conditions for the persistence and transmission of zoonotic pathogens such as\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      in village chicken flocks; quantify fecal bacterial loads; and identify household \u2013 and flock-level risk factors associated with\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. infection in the Boussouma commune in rural Burkina Faso.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted in 73 poultry-keeping households. Cecal contents were collected from 292 indigenous chickens following humane euthanasia. Laboratory analysis was carried out using the ISO 6579:2012 standard methods. Quantification of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. In fecal matters, it was done using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Structured household interviews captured data on poultry management, hygiene practices, flock characteristics, and household demographics. Multivariate logistic and linear regression models were used to assess associations between household- and flock-level practices with\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. presence and bacterial load.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The animal-level prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in chicken faeces was 57.2% (95% CI: 51.5\u201362.9).\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. loads in faeces ranged from 0.03 to 10.99 MPN\/g (mean\u2009=\u20090.63 MPN\/g). In multivariate logistic regression, lack of access to veterinary care (OR\u2009=\u20093.77;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001), on-site accumulation of poultry manure (OR\u2009=\u20095.61;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011), and burial of dead chickens within the household compound (OR\u2009=\u20091.92;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024) were associated with increased odds of infection. Protective factors included improved access to water (OR\u2009=\u20090.46;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020) and removal of manure from the household environment (OR\u2009=\u20090.44;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013). Chickens from male-headed households had lower odds of infection (OR\u2009=\u20090.22;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029). Higher\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. loads were associated with poor hygiene, limited water access, and lack of veterinary care.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight critical, context-specific points of intervention for reducing zoonotic transmission risks at the animal-household interface. Targeted community-level hygiene promotion, improved water access, safer carcass and manure management, and strengthening of village-level veterinary services are essential to mitigate public health risks linked to village poultry production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04895-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T13:17:09Z","timestamp":1772630229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence, quantification, and household-level risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. infection in chickens in Boussouma commune, Burkina Faso"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Wendenso Patrick Bertrand","family":"Tiendr\u00e9b\u00e9ogo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ass\u00e8ta","family":"Kagamb\u00e8ga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arshnee","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linnet","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tho Abou","family":"Da","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasman\u00e9","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdoul Kader","family":"Ilboudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Ouedraogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Ilboudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Dione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4895_CR1","unstructured":"Ayssiwede SB et al. Elevage des poulets traditionnels ou indig\u00e8nes au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal et en Afrique Subsaharienne: \u00e9tat des lieux et contraintes, in Annales de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, ULg-Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge, Li\u00e8ge, Belgium, 2013. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/orbi.uliege.be\/handle\/2268\/165669. Accessed: Dec. 27, 2024."},{"key":"4895_CR2","unstructured":"FAO. Rapport pays \u2013 \u00c9levage durable en Afrique 2050. L\u2019impact des syst\u00e8mes de production sur les moyens de subsistance, Fili\u00e8res bovine et volaille BURKINA FASO, Organisation des Nations Unies pour l\u2019alimentation et l\u2019agriculture, Rome, 2018. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/0199e3d3-1c86-4c05-bb29-a8fb8f516a80\/content."},{"key":"4895_CR3","unstructured":"WHO. Salmonella (non-typhoidal). [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/salmonella-(non-typhoidal). Accessed Aug 25 2025."},{"key":"4895_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gentile N, Lorenzo-Rebenaque L, Marco-Fuertes A, Montoro-Dasi L, Marin C. Emerging Challenges in Salmonella Control: The Need for Innovative and Sustainable Disinfection Strategies in Poultry Farming. Pathogens. Sep. 2025;14(9):912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14090912.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090912"},{"key":"4895_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Basazinew E, Dejene H, Dagnaw GG, Lakew AZ, Gessese AT. A systematic review and meta-analysis of salmonellosis in poultry farms in Ethiopia: prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance. Front Vet Sci. 2025;12:1538963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fvets.2025.1538963.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1538963"},{"issue":"6","key":"4895_CR6","first-page":"882","volume":"50","author":"SE Majowicz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Majowicz SE et al. International Collaboration on Enteric Disease \u2018Burden of Illness\u2019 Studies. 2010. Glob Burd Nontyphoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(6):882\u2013889.","journal-title":"Glob Burd Nontyphoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4895_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dallman T, et al. Phylogenetic structure of European Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak correlates with national and international egg distribution network. Microb Genomics. 2016;2(8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000070.","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000070"},{"issue":"3","key":"4895_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0803.010233","volume":"8","author":"AO Coker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Coker AO, Isokpehi RD, Thomas BN, Amisu KO, Obi CL. Mar Human campylobacteriosis in developing countries. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;8(3):237\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid0803.010233.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"4895_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Bruyn J, Thomson PC, Darnton-Hill I, Bagnol B, Maulaga W, Alders RG. A Longitudinal Observational Study in Rural Tanzania. Nutrients. Nov. 2018;10(11):1799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10111799.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10111799"},{"key":"4895_CR10","unstructured":"INSD. Annuaire statistique 2022 de la r\u00e9gion du Centre Nord. Burkina Faso; Dec. 2023."},{"key":"4895_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kagamb\u00e8ga A et al. Jul., Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in poultry feces and carcasses in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, Food Sci. Nutr., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1601\u20131606, 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.725","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.725"},{"key":"4895_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ofori LA, et al. Salmonella enterica in farm environments in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. BMC Microbiol. Nov. 2023;23(1):370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-023-03121-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-03121-3"},{"key":"4895_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Adane P, Tadesse T, Alemayehu H, Eguale T. Prevalence, Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella in Raw Chicken Eggs Sourced from Commercial Poultry Farms and Retail Shops and In-contact Humans in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Food Prot. Jun. 2025;88(7):100544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfp.2025.100544.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2025.100544"},{"key":"4895_CR14","unstructured":"OuobaI, Ilboudo G, Kagamb\u00e8ga A, Dione M. Analyse genre et \u00e9levage de poulets traditionnels dans dix villages de la commune de Boussouma au Centre Nord du Burkina Faso; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, 2023. https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10568\/168497."},{"key":"4895_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berghaus RD, Baxter VA, Jones MK, Hofacre CL. Intra-cluster correlations for ceca Salmonella prevalence and enumeration from 40 experimental floor pen trials in broiler chickens using a seeder bird challenge model. Poult Sci. Oct. 2022;101(10):102102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102102"},{"issue":"4","key":"4895_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5897\/JVMAH2022.1014","volume":"14","author":"O Irene","year":"2022","unstructured":"Irene O, et al. Dec., Household characteristics influencing management of indigenous chicken: A case study of Machakos and Busia Counties in Kenya. J Vet Med Anim Health. 2022;14(4):91\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/JVMAH2022.1014.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Anim Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4895_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933910000334","volume":"66","author":"MS Akidarju","year":"2010","unstructured":"Akidarju MS, Onyemaechi EG, Dauda MG. An assessment of some poultry management practices and disease recognition by poultry farmers in Maiduguri arid zone, Nigeria, Worlds Poult Sci J. 2010;66(2):285\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0043933910000334.","journal-title":"Sci J"},{"key":"4895_CR18","unstructured":"Leary SL, editor. AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2020 edition, 2020 edition. Schaumburg, IL: American Veterinary Medical Association, 2020."},{"key":"4895_CR19","unstructured":"Blodgett R. FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Appendix 2: Most Probable Number from Serial Dilutions. FDA, p. 20, 2023."},{"key":"4895_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jibril AH et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Salmonella in commercial poultry farms in Nigeria, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238190","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238190"},{"issue":"11","key":"4895_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5961","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez392","volume":"98","author":"SM Jajere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jajere SM, et al. Salmonella in native \u2018village\u2019 chickens (Gallus domesticus): prevalence and risk factors from farms in South-Central Peninsular Malaysia. Poult Sci. 2019;98(11):5961\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pez392.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"4895_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Donado-Godoy P, et al. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella from Commercial Broiler Farms in Two Important Poultry-Producing Regions of Colombia. J Food Prot. May 2012;75(5):874\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4315\/0362-028x.jfp-11-458.","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x.jfp-11-458"},{"key":"4895_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lynseh Carine Sita S, B\u00e9nao A, M\u00e9tuor Dabir\u00e9 R, Yasmine Wendkuni Tiemtor\u00e9 P, Abel Sorgho G, G\u00e9raud Jo\u00ebl, Simpor\u00e9 J. Prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp Strains Isolated from Chicken Feces and Their Resistance to Antibiotics by Cefotaximase (CTX-M) Enzyme Production. Biochem Mol Biol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.bmb.20230801.12.","DOI":"10.11648\/j.bmb.20230801.12"},{"key":"4895_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen TK et al. Dec., Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry and its environment in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Vet World. 2021. pp. 3216\u20133223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14202\/vetworld.2021.3216-3223.","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.3216-3223"},{"key":"4895_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR12.1429","volume":"7","author":"K Alebachew","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alebachew K, Mekonnen A. A survey on Salmonella infection among chicken flocks in Jimma town, Ethiopia. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2013;7:1239\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5897\/AJMR12.1429.","journal-title":"Afr J Microbiol Res"},{"key":"4895_CR26","unstructured":"Shapiro BI, Gebru G, Desta S, Negassa A, Nigussie K, Aboset G, Mechal H. Ethiopia livestock master plan. ILRI Project Report. Nairobi: International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI); 2015."},{"issue":"6","key":"4895_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101023","volume":"100","author":"YT Asfaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asfaw YT, Ameni G, Medhin G, Gumi B, Wieland B Poultry health services in Ethiopia: availability of diagnostic, clinical, and vaccination services. Poult Sci Jun. 2021;100(6):101023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101023.","journal-title":"Poult Sci Jun"},{"key":"4895_CR28","unstructured":"FAO, Family poultry development: Issues, opportunities and constraints. Rome. 2014. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/i3595e\/i3595e.pdf. Accessed: Jul. 05, 2025."},{"key":"4895_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Akalu A, Tadesse T, Alemayehu H, Medhin G, Woldeyohannes D, Eguale T. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Salmonella from Poultry Farms and In-Contact Humans and Associated Risk Factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Int J.Microbiol. 2024;2024(1):4227460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/4227460.","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4227460"},{"issue":"1","key":"4895_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8899596","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8899596","volume":"2023","author":"M Mkangara","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mkangara M. Prevention and Control of Human Salmonella enterica Infections: An Implication in Food Safety. Int J Food Sci. 2023;2023(1):8899596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/8899596.","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4895_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"M Bougma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bougma M, Sawadogo A, Beckey E. Genre et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire au Burkina Faso. Afr Sci. 2021;18(5):1\u201313.","journal-title":"Afr Sci"},{"key":"4895_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gizaw Z, Yalew AW, Bitew BD, Lee J, Bisesi M. Animal Handling Practice Among Rural Households in Northwest Ethiopia Increases the Risk of Childhood Diarrhea and Exposure to Pathogens From Animal Sources. Environ Health Insights. Jan. 2024;18:11786302241245057. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11786302241245057.","DOI":"10.1177\/11786302241245057"},{"key":"4895_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Conan A et al. Animal-related factors associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea in children younger than five years in western Kenya: A matched case-control study. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005795.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005795"},{"key":"4895_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gu\u00e8ye EF Mar. Family Poultry Research and Development in Low-Income Food-Deficit Countries: Approaches and Prospects. Outlook Agric. 2002;31(1):13\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5367\/000000002101293822.","DOI":"10.5367\/000000002101293822"},{"issue":"40","key":"4895_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.19044\/esj.2021.v17n40p240","volume":"17","author":"LN\u2019Goran Etienne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Etienne LN\u2019Goran, et al. Caracteristiques Du Syst\u00e8me D\u2019exploitation Des Poulets Locaux Dans Deux Zones Agro-Ecologiques (Sud Forestier Et Centre Savanicole) De La C\u00f4te D\u2019Ivoire. Eur Sci J ESJ. 2021;17(40):240\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19044\/esj.2021.v17n40p240.","journal-title":"Eur Sci J ESJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"4895_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3131","DOI":"10.4314\/ijbcs.v13i7.13","volume":"13","author":"G Nahimana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nahimana G, Ossebi W, Missohou A, Ayssiwede SB. Analyse de l\u2019importance socio-\u00e9conomique de l\u2019aviculture familiale dans le D\u00e9partement de Salemata au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2020;13(7):3131\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ijbcs.v13i7.13.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Chem Sci"},{"key":"4895_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gelli A, et al. Poultry husbandry, water, sanitation, and hygiene practices, and child anthropometry in rural Burkina Faso. Matern Child Nutr. Oct. 2019;15(4):e12818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/mcn.12818.","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12818"},{"key":"4895_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37909","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.37909","volume":"79","author":"M Dione","year":"2026","unstructured":"Dione M, et al. Management and biosecurity practices in village chicken flocks in the Central-Northern region of Burkina Faso. Rev D\u2019\u00e9levage M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t Pays Trop. 2026;79:37909.","journal-title":"Rev D\u2019\u00e9levage M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t Pays Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"4895_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268231","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268231","volume":"17","author":"LL Dunn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dunn LL, et al The prevalence and concentration of Salmonella enterica in poultry litter in the southern United States. PLoS ONE May. 2022;17(5):e0268231. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0268231.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE May"},{"key":"4895_CR40","volume-title":"Carcass management guidelines: Effective disposal of animal carcasses and contaminated materials on small to medium-sized farms","author":"LP Miller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miller LP, Miknis RA, Flory GA. Carcass management guidelines: Effective disposal of animal carcasses and contaminated materials on small to medium-sized farms. 23rd ed. Rome: Food & Agriculture Org; 2020.","edition":"23"},{"key":"4895_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gumasta P, Kumar N, Malik M, Sahoo D. Management of Stray, Fallen Animals and Carcass Disposal. In: Rana T, editor. in Epidemiology and Environmental Hygiene in Veterinary Public Health. 1st ed. Wiley; 2025. pp. 551\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781394208180.ch47.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394208180.ch47"},{"issue":"3","key":"4895_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0012","volume":"102","author":"A Ercumen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ercumen A, Prottas C, Harris A, Dioguardi A, Dowd G, Guiteras R. Poultry Ownership Associated with Increased Risk of Child Diarrhea: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;102(3):526\u201333. . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0012.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04895-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04895-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04895-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:21:09Z","timestamp":1781637669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04895-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4895"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04895-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-8584782\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Human participants\n                      Ethical approval for the household survey component of the study was obtained from the ILRI Institutional Research Ethics Committee (IREC; Ref: ILRI-IREC2022-57) and the National Ethics Committee for Health Research of Burkina Faso (Ref: 2022-11-232). The study involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.For household surveys, the project information sheet and consent form were read and explained to all participants in local languages, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection.\n                      Animal subjects\n                      Ethical approval for animal handling, sampling, and euthanasia procedures was obtained from the ILRI Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC; Ref: ILRI-IACUC2022-38).All chickens included in the study were privately owned by household farmers. Authorization to access poultry and conduct sampling was obtained from household heads to data and sample collection. Participation in the study, including euthanasia of chickens for sampling, was entirely voluntary. Poultry owners were informed in advance about the sampling procedures and provided their explicit agreement. Appropriate compensation was provided to owners for each chicken sampled.Chickens were humanely euthanized by cervical dislocation, performed by trained personnel in accordance with internationally accepted animal welfare guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"333"}}