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This study assessed fungal contamination of\n                    <jats:sc>BC<\/jats:sc>\n                    rations at Sohag Governorate, Egypt, throughout the year and evaluated aflatoxigenicity (AFTG) of\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) isolates as well as antifungal activity (AA) of curcumin nanoparticles (Cur-NPs) and\n                    <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) against aflatoxigenic (AFT)\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Mycological examination revealed that 92.9% of the investigated rations were contaminated by fungi, and total mould count ranged from 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910 to 1.91\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0CFU\/g of ration. Isolated fungi belonged to 27 fungal genera, with predominance of genus\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Mucor<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cladosporium<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Eurotium,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Scopulariopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Furthermore,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were morphologically characterized into 20 different species, with predominance of\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    followed by\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus terreus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus ustus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    respectively. Also, mycological examination revealed that fungal contamination of the rations was the highest in autumn, followed by summer, winter, and spring, respectively. Statistically, there were significant differences in the incidences of different fungal genera and\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. between the different year seasons (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Regarding AFTG of\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, 27.3% of them were AFT with variable degrees, and 90% of the strong AFT isolates were AFB1 producers, with high amounts ranging from less than 25 to 71\u00a0\u00b5g\/L. Statistical analysis revealed the presence of a significant difference in the distribution of AFT\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates through the different seasons (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). PCR revealed that 100% and 30% of the investigated strong AFT\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910) harboured\n                    <jats:italic>nor<\/jats:italic>\n                    -1 and\n                    <jats:italic>ver<\/jats:italic>\n                    -1 genes, respectively. On the other hand, Cur-NPs exhibited strong AA against AFT\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, which increased with increasing Cur-NPs concentration. Also, the growth of all AFT\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates was inhibited with\n                    <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae,<\/jats:italic>\n                    with an inhibition zone of 24.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.64 mm\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Therefore, immediate essential control and preventive measures are needed to ensure food safety. Cur-NPs and\n                    <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    are recommended for evaluation and use as effective fungicides to control AFT\n                    <jats:italic>A. flavus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its potential for aflatoxin production in\n                    <jats:sc>BC<\/jats:sc>\n                    feeds.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04963-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:41:03Z","timestamp":1777444863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antifungal activity of curcumin nanoparticles and Saccharomyces cerevisiae against aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus isolated from broiler chickens rations in Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Usama Hassan","family":"Abo-Shama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman Mahmoud","family":"El-Diasty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doaa Ebrahim","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem Mohamed","family":"Alsaadawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitham Helmy","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"4963_CR1","first-page":"236","volume":"4","author":"M Mousa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mousa M, Sayed H, Asman A. 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