{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:05:13Z","timestamp":1779354313985,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Special Support Program Project 2024"},{"name":"Youth Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82100118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82100118"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021YFC2301101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2301101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Science Foundation for the State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control of China","award":["2022SKLID308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022SKLID308"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["92048203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92048203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Microbiol"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-05019-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T06:56:28Z","timestamp":1775717788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Machine learning prediction of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative pneumonia: a clinical-genomic integrated model"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoru","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weilong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"5019_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41479-022-00096-z","volume":"14","author":"M Assefa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Assefa M. Multi-drug resistant gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: etiology, risk factors, and drug resistance patterns. Pneumonia (Nathan). 2022;14(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41479-022-00096-z.","journal-title":"Pneumonia (Nathan)"},{"issue":"2","key":"5019_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30796-9","volume":"21","author":"M Bassetti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bassetti M, Echols R, Matsunaga Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of cefiderocol or best available therapy for the treatment of serious infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CREDIBLE-CR): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, pathogen-focused, descriptive, phase 3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(2):226\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1473-3099(20)30796-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5019_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106633","volume":"60","author":"SS Kanj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanj SS, Bassetti M, Kiratisin P, et al. Clinical data from studies involving novel antibiotics to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2022;60(3):106633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2022.106633.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"5019_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bassetti M, Magn\u00e8 F, Giacobbe DR, et al. New antibiotics for Gram-negative pneumonia. Eur Respir Rev. 2022;31(166). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/16000617.0119-2022.","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0119-2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"5019_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04792-0","volume":"28","author":"F Barbier","year":"2024","unstructured":"Barbier F, Dupuis C, Buetti N, et al. Single-drug versus combination antimicrobial therapy in critically ill patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia due to Gram-negative pathogens: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04792-0.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"5019_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-2600(22)00086-8","volume":"10","author":"AM Darie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Darie AM, Khanna N, Jahn K, et al. Fast multiplex bacterial PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage for antibiotic stewardship in hospitalised patients with pneumonia at risk of Gram-negative bacterial infection (Flagship II): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(9):877\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-2600(22)00086-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"5019_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109846DOI","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2021.109846","volume":"149","author":"A Basit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Basit A, Qadir S, Qureshi S, Rehman SU. Cloning and expression analysis of fused holin-endolysin from RL bacteriophage; Exhibits broad activity against multi drug resistant pathogens. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2021;149:109846DOI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2021.109846.","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"5019_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100928","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-5247(24)00170-8","volume":"5","author":"A Virk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Virk A, Strasburg AP, Kies KD, et al. Rapid multiplex PCR panel for pneumonia in hospitalised patients with suspected pneumonia in the USA: a single-centre, open-label, pragmatic, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(12):100928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2666-5247(24)00170-8.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"5019_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou YZ, Cui CQ, Li CB. Rapid bacterial identification and drug sensitivity test methods for pathogens in positive blood cultures. Clin Lab. 2022;68(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2022.211247.","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2022.211247"},{"issue":"1","key":"5019_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01065-y","volume":"31","author":"DV Vasina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vasina DV, Antonova NP, Gushchin VA, et al. Development of novel antimicrobials with engineered endolysin LysECD7-SMAP to combat Gram-negative bacterial infections. J Biomed Sci. 2024;31(1):75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12929-024-01065-y.","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"5019_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268488DOI","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1268488","volume":"10","author":"A Sophonsri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sophonsri A, Lou M, Ny P, et al. Machine learning to identify risk factors associated with the development of ventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia and mortality: implications for antibiotic therapy selection. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1268488DOI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2023.1268488.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"5019_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.06.09","volume":"11","author":"Y Shi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shi Y, Huang Y, Zhang TT, et al. Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults (2018 Edition). J Thorac Dis. 2019;11(6):2581\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/jtd.2019.06.09.","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"5019_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202264006","volume":"64","author":"RLD Costa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costa RLD, Lamas CDC, Simvoulidis LFN, et al. Secondary infections in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 admitted to an intensive care unit: impact of gram-negative bacterial resistance. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2022;64:e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1678-9946202264006.","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"issue":"8","key":"5019_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28317","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.28317","volume":"14","author":"K Panigrahi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Panigrahi K, Pathi BK, Poddar N, et al. Colistin Resistance Among Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates From Different Clinical Samples of ICU Patients: Prevalence and Clinical Outcomes. Cureus. 2022;14(8):e28317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.28317.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"7","key":"5019_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06690-5","volume":"48","author":"A Bougl\u00e9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bougl\u00e9 A, Tuffet S, Federici L, et al. Comparison of 8 versus 15 days of antibiotic therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized, controlled, open-label trial. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(7):841\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-022-06690-5.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5019_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.19426","volume":"18","author":"D Mert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mert D, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fkan Demirk\u0131ran B, \u0130skender G, et al. Six-year evaluation of device-associated nosocomial infections in intensive care units. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2024;18(6):937\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.19426.","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"5019_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209063DOI","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1209063","volume":"14","author":"Z Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu Z, Zhang S, Cao Y, et al. Comparison of the clinical efficacy and toxicity of nebulized polymyxin monotherapy and combined intravenous and nebulized polymyxin for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a retrospective cohort study. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1209063DOI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1209063.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5019_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107266","volume":"64","author":"E Rando","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rando E, Novy E, Sangiorgi F, et al. a systematic review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of novel beta-lactams and beta-lactam with beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations for the treatment of pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2024;64(3):107266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107266.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"5019_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sargianou M, Stathopoulos P, Vrysis C, et al. New \u03b2-Lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combination antibiotics. Pathogens. 2025;14(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14040307.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14040307"},{"issue":"11","key":"5019_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad280","volume":"78","author":"A Torres","year":"2023","unstructured":"Torres A, Wible M, Tawadrous M, et al. Efficacy and safety of ceftazidime\/avibactam in patients with infections caused by \u03b2-lactamase-producing Gram-negative pathogens: a pooled analysis from the Phase 3 clinical trial programme. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78(11):2672\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkad280.","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"5019_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2020.66.8.4","volume":"66","author":"PA Hamasaeed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hamasaeed PA. Resistance to bacterial infection, complication occurring after cardiac surgery. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2020;66(8):20\u20135.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)"},{"issue":"2","key":"5019_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1556\/030.2025.02577","volume":"72","author":"C Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu C. Antibacterial efficacy of cefoperazone\/sulbactam in combination with various antimicrobials against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2025;72(2):106\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/030.2025.02577.","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung"},{"issue":"38","key":"5019_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2203593119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2203593119","volume":"119","author":"JLC Wong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wong JLC, David S, Sanchez-Garrido J, et al. Recurrent emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenem resistance mediated by an inhibitory ompK36 mRNA secondary structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119(38):e2203593119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2203593119.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"5019_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carbonell R, Moreno G, Mart\u00edn-Loeches I, et al. Prognostic value of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in 1608 critically ill patients with severe influenza pneumonia. Antibiot (Basel). 2021;10(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics10040350.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040350"},{"issue":"1","key":"5019_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06420-0","volume":"21","author":"L Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu L, Wang L, Zhang Y, et al. Fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in patients with hematologic diseases and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteremia: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-021-06420-0.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5019_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08715-w","volume":"23","author":"Z Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng Z, Shao Z, Lu L, et al. Ceftazidime\/avibactam combined with colistin: a novel attempt to treat carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli infection. BMC Infect Dis. 2023;23(1):709. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-023-08715-w.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5019_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205031212211455","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221145569","volume":"11","author":"M Tilahun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tilahun M, Gebretsadik D, Seid A, et al. Bacteriology of community-acquired pneumonia, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors among HIV patients, Northeast Ethiopia: cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121221145569. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20503121221145569.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"5019_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13331","volume":"131","author":"TL Katzenstein","year":"2023","unstructured":"Katzenstein TL, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Qvist T, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a cystic fibrosis population after introduction of a novel cephalosporin\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitor combination. Apmis. 2023;131(8):419\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apm.13331.","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"5019_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884365","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.884365","volume":"12","author":"F Cruz-L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cruz-L\u00f3pez F, Mart\u00ednez-Mel\u00e9ndez A, Morfin-Otero R, et al. Efficacy and in vitro activity of novel antibiotics for infections with carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:884365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.884365.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5019_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107186DOI","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107186","volume":"64","author":"M Meschiari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Meschiari M, Asquier-Khati A, Tiseo G, et al. Treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli: a practical approach by the Italian (SIMIT) and French (SPILF) Societies of Infectious Diseases. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2024;64(1):107186DOI. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2024.107186.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"}],"container-title":["BMC Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05019-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05019-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05019-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:07:13Z","timestamp":1779350833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05019-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-05019-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (No. GYFY2022103) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"477"}}